{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T05:36:38Z","timestamp":1791696998666,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,2]],"date-time":"2007-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1167696000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":2223,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Public Health Nutr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S1368980000000495_sec01\"><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To evaluate the long-term effects of a horticultural and nutrition education intervention in rural Tanzania.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980000000495_sec02\"><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>A quasi-experimental post-test design was used.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980000000495_sec03\"><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>The research was carried out in 10 villages in Singida region, Tanzania.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980000000495_sec04\" sec-type=\"subjects\"><jats:title>Subjects<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mothers and their children aged 6\u201371 months (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 236) from an experimental (Ilongero) and control (Ihanja) area were interviewed regarding knowledge and practices related to vitamin A nutrition. Intake of vitamin A-rich foods by the children during the 7 days prior to the interview was recorded. Stools were examined for helminths and serum samples were analysed for retinol and C-reactive protein (CRP) (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 146) for the children aged 12\u201371 months.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980000000495_sec05\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Knowledge and practices were more favourable to vitamin A intake in the experimental area than in the control area, and an increased frequency of intake of green leaves was associated with higher serum retinol values. The experimental area had lower mean serum retinol levels (13.7 \u03bcg dl<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 75) than the control area (19.3 \u03bcg dl<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 71). One likely confounder was the higher helminth infestation in the experimental area (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 75, 79%) than in the control area (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 71, 49%) (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &gt; 0.001). Children with helminths (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 94) had a lower mean serum retinol level than those without (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 52) (12.3 \u00b1 5 vs. 24 \u00b1 10 \u03bcg dl<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980000000495_sec06\" sec-type=\"conclusion\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Food-based vitamin A programmes can make sustainable improvements in knowledge and dietary practices but these may not necessarily be reflected in increases in serum retinol. Programme implementation and evaluation should take confounders into consideration as, in this case, helminth infestation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1368980000000495","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,4]],"date-time":"2008-06-04T16:10:31Z","timestamp":1212595831000},"page":"425-431","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Five-year follow-up of a food-based vitamin A intervention in Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Diana","family":"Kidala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ted","family":"Greiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehari","family":"Gebre-Medhin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1368980000000495_ref036","volume-title":"Indicators for Assessing Vitamin A Deficiency and their Application in Monitoring and Evaluating Intervention Programmes","year":"1996"},{"key":"S1368980000000495_ref033","first-page":"539","article-title":"Influence of enteral parasites on the blood vitamin A levels in preschool children orally supplemented with retinol and\/or zinc","volume":"45","author":"Marinho","year":"1991","journal-title":"Eur. 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