{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T21:15:25Z","timestamp":1790802925467,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,1]],"date-time":"2007-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1170288000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Public Health Nutr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S1368980007246749_abssec1\"><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Recent reports suggest persistence of health disparities related to socio-economic position (SEP). To understand if diet may be a contributor to these trends, we examined secular trends in the association of diet and indicators of SEP from 1971\u20131975 to 1999\u20132002.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980007246749_abssec2\"><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>We used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) I (1971\u20131975), II (1976\u20131980), III (1988\u20131994) and 1999\u20132002 to examine the independent associations of poverty income ratio (PIR) and education with diet and biomarkers of diet and disease in 25\u201374-year-olds (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a036\u00a0600). We used logistic and linear regression methods to adjust for multiple covariates and survey design to examine these associations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980007246749_abssec3\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A large PIR differential in the likelihood of reporting a fruit or all five food groups and vitamin C intake, and an education differential in likelihood of obesity and carbohydrate intake, was noted in 1971\u20131975 but narrowed in 1999\u20132002 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.007). The positive association of education with intake of a fruit, vegetable or all five food groups, vitamins A and C, calcium and potassium intake remained unchanged across surveys (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). Similarly, the positive association of PIR with the amount of foods and intakes of energy and potassium remained unchanged over three decades (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). The education and the PIR differential in energy density, and the PIR differential in the likelihood of obesity, persisted over the period of the four surveys (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980007246749_abssec4\" sec-type=\"conclusion\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Persistence of unfavourable dietary and biomarker profiles in Americans with low income and education suggests continued need for improvement in the quality of diets of these high-risk groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1368980007246749","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,2]],"date-time":"2007-02-02T18:29:01Z","timestamp":1170440941000},"page":"158-167","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":144,"title":["Secular trends in the association of socio-economic position with self-reported dietary attributes and biomarkers in the US population: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1971\u20131975 to NHANES 1999\u20132002"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Ashima K","family":"Kant","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barry I","family":"Graubard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1368980007246749_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0801084"},{"key":"S1368980007246749_ref30","volume-title":"SUDAAN User's Manual. Release 8.3","year":"2003"},{"key":"S1368980007246749_ref51","first-page":"58","article-title":"Assessment of food intakes: are we measuring what people eat?","volume":"52","author":"Livingstone","year":"1995","journal-title":"British Journal of Biomedical Science"},{"key":"S1368980007246749_ref36","first-page":"753","article-title":"Modern and healthy? Socioeconomic differences in the quality of diet","volume":"50","author":"Roos","year":"1996","journal-title":"European Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"S1368980007246749_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.23.011702.073349"},{"key":"S1368980007246749_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2004.202"},{"key":"S1368980007246749_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(00)00273-2"},{"key":"S1368980007246749_ref43","first-page":"279","article-title":"Diminishing or increasing contrasts? Social class variation in Finnish food consumption patterns, 1979\u20131990","volume":"46","author":"Prattala","year":"1992","journal-title":"European Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"S1368980007246749_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/132.12.3764"},{"key":"S1368980007246749_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/67.3.412"},{"key":"S1368980007246749_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.314.7093.1545"},{"key":"S1368980007246749_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601251"},{"key":"S1368980007246749_ref56","volume-title":"Dietary Reference Intakes. Applications in Dietary Assessments","year":"2001"},{"key":"S1368980007246749_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2005.10719477"},{"key":"S1368980007246749_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802980"},{"key":"S1368980007246749_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/appe.1996.0070"},{"key":"S1368980007246749_ref26","volume-title":"Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids","year":"2002"},{"key":"S1368980007246749_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(21)07989-X","article-title":"Educational attainment and nutrient consumption patterns: The Minnesota Heart Survey","volume":"88","author":"Kushi","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of the American Dietetic Association"},{"key":"S1368980007246749_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.86.4.486"},{"key":"S1368980007246749_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.86.4.497"},{"key":"S1368980007246749_ref5","volume-title":"Area Socioeconomic Variations in US Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Stage, Treatment, Survival, 1975\u20131999","author":"Singh","year":"2003"},{"key":"S1368980007246749_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/31.3.600"},{"key":"S1368980007246749_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwf001"},{"key":"S1368980007246749_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jfca.2001.0993"},{"key":"S1368980007246749_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199307083290207"},{"key":"S1368980007246749_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.92.8.1290"},{"key":"S1368980007246749_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/PNS19970011"},{"key":"S1368980007246749_ref13","first-page":"5","volume-title":"America's Eating Habits: Changes and Consequences","author":"Frazao","year":"1999"},{"key":"S1368980007246749_ref14","unstructured":"14 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES): NHANES I, II, III, 1999\u20132000 and 2001\u20132002. Available at http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/about\/major\/nhanes\/current.htm; http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/about\/major\/nhanes\/nhanesi.htm; http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/about\/major\/nhanes\/nhanesii.htm; http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/about\/major\/nhanes\/nh3data.htm; http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/about\/major\/nhanes\/NHANES99_00.htm; http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/about\/major\/nhanes\/nhanes01-02.htm."},{"key":"S1368980007246749_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.18.1.341"},{"key":"S1368980007246749_ref16","volume-title":"Socioeconomic Status and Health in Industrial Nations","author":"Adler","year":"1999"},{"key":"S1368980007246749_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/appe.1996.0013"},{"key":"S1368980007246749_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/70.4.448"},{"key":"S1368980007246749_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(21)01428-0","article-title":"Dietary diversity in the US population, NHANES II, 1976\u201380","volume":"91","author":"Kant","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of the American Dietetic Association"},{"key":"S1368980007246749_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/57.3.434"},{"key":"S1368980007246749_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.293.15.1861"},{"key":"S1368980007246749_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118032619"},{"key":"S1368980007246749_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(21)00004-3","article-title":"Nutrient density of diets in the USDA Nationwide Food Consumption Survey, 1977\u20131978: 1. Impact of socioeconomic status on dietary density","volume":"82","author":"Windham","year":"1983","journal-title":"Journal of the American Dietetic Association"},{"key":"S1368980007246749_ref32","volume-title":"Dietary Intake Source Data: United States 1976\u20131980","author":"Carroll","year":"1983"},{"key":"S1368980007246749_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/pmed.1994.1133"},{"key":"S1368980007246749_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.3.838S"},{"key":"S1368980007246749_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1600914"},{"key":"S1368980007246749_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601080"},{"key":"S1368980007246749_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601503"},{"key":"S1368980007246749_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601322"},{"key":"S1368980007246749_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.94.9.1555"},{"key":"S1368980007246749_ref50","first-page":"704","article-title":"The dietary assessment of individuals, new techniques and recommendations","volume":"57","author":"Bingham","year":"1987","journal-title":"Nutrition Abstracts and Reviews"},{"key":"S1368980007246749_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.63.3.438"},{"key":"S1368980007246749_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/65.4.1203S"},{"key":"S1368980007246749_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2002.10719229"},{"key":"S1368980007246749_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/26.1.146"},{"key":"S1368980007246749_ref1","volume-title":"Healthy People 2010: Understanding and Improving your Health","year":"2000"},{"key":"S1368980007246749_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118032619"},{"key":"S1368980007246749_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(95)00062-3"},{"key":"S1368980007246749_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199609053351006"},{"key":"S1368980007246749_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601620"}],"container-title":["Public Health Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1368980007246749","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,10]],"date-time":"2024-02-10T14:21:38Z","timestamp":1707574898000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1368980007246749\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,2]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S1368980007246749"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1368980007246749","relation":{},"ISSN":["1368-9800","1475-2727"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1368-9800","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-2727","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,2]]}}}