{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T20:46:23Z","timestamp":1786999583089,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,1]],"date-time":"2009-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1249084800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Public Health Nutr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980008003844_abs1\" sec-type=\"general\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Fish consumption has been shown to be inversely associated with CHD, which may be due to\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      -3 fatty acids. The\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      -3 fatty acids, EPA and DHA, are naturally found only in marine sources. Dietary intakes of methylmercury from certain fish have been hypothesized to increase the risk of CHD.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980008003844_abs2\" sec-type=\"general\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the relationship between 30 d fish frequency consumption (assessed by FFQ), total blood Hg concentrations and risk markers of CHD in women aged 16\u201349 years participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999\u20132002.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980008003844_abs3\" sec-type=\"general\">\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Multiple linear regression analyses were used to test (i) the relationships between 30 d fish frequency consumption and five CHD risk markers, i.e. HDL cholesterol (HDL-C), LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, TAG and C-reactive protein (CRP); and (ii) if total blood Hg attenuated any associations between fish consumption and CHD risk markers in non-pregnant, non-diabetic females aged 16\u201349 years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980008003844_abs4\" sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Total 30 d fish frequency consumption was negatively associated with CRP (\n                      <jats:italic>b<\/jats:italic>\n                      = \u22120\u00b710, 95 % CI \u22120\u00b719, \u22120\u00b702,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0\u00b7015) and positively associated with HDL-C (\n                      <jats:italic>b<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 1\u00b740, 95 % CI 0\u00b731, 2\u00b750,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0\u00b7014). Adjustment for other risk factors did not significantly attenuate the associations. Despite the collinearity between fish and Hg, there is a protective association between fish intake and CHD risk factors.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980008003844_abs5\" sec-type=\"conclusion\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The levels of DHA + EPA and other nutrients in fish may be adequate to offset the hypothesized risks of heart disease related to ingesting Hg from fish.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1368980008003844","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,6]],"date-time":"2008-11-06T03:56:25Z","timestamp":1225943785000},"page":"1261-1269","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Relationship between fish intake,\n                    <i>n<\/i>\n                    -3 fatty acids, mercury and risk markers of CHD (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999\u20132002)"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Kimberly M","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leila M","family":"Barraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Kantor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadine R","family":"Sahyoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1368980008003844_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN2001415"},{"key":"S1368980008003844_ref22","unstructured":"22. American Heart Association (2006) Learn and Live. Inflammation, Heart Disease and Stroke: The Role of C-Reactive Protein. http:\/\/www.americanheart.org\/presenter.jhtml?identifier=4648 (accessed September 2008)."},{"key":"S1368980008003844_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200003233421202"},{"key":"S1368980008003844_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7046"},{"key":"S1368980008003844_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/134.7.1806"},{"key":"S1368980008003844_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1080\/000163599428913","article-title":"Serum mercury concentration in relation to survival, symptoms, and diseases: results from the prospective population study of women in Gothenburg, Sweden","volume":"57","author":"Ahlqwist","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acta Odontol Scand"},{"key":"S1368980008003844_ref11","unstructured":"11. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (1999) ToxFAQs\u2122 for mercury. http:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/tfacts46.html (accessed September 2008)."},{"key":"S1368980008003844_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-130-7-199904060-00003"},{"key":"S1368980008003844_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199510053331412","article-title":"Fish intake and the risk of coronary disease","volume":"333","author":"Salonen","year":"1995","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"S1368980008003844_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000150040.20950.61","article-title":"Mercury, fish oils, and risk of acute coronary events and cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease, and all-cause mortality in men in eastern Finland","volume":"25","author":"Virtanen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"S1368980008003844_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.19.3.472"},{"key":"S1368980008003844_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000093381.57779.67"},{"key":"S1368980008003844_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/71.1.232s"},{"key":"S1368980008003844_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.102.22.2677"},{"key":"S1368980008003844_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000038493.65177.94"},{"key":"S1368980008003844_ref7","first-page":"765","article-title":"Fish diet, fish oil and docosahexaenoic acid rich oil lower fasting and postprandial plasma lipid levels","volume":"50","author":"Agren","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"S1368980008003844_ref1","first-page":"28","article-title":"Triglyceride-lowering effect of omega-3 LC-polyunsaturated fatty acids \u2013 a review","volume":"10","author":"Weber","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"S1368980008003844_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20040119"},{"key":"S1368980008003844_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a010144"},{"key":"S1368980008003844_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/86.2.324"},{"key":"S1368980008003844_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2005.07.001"},{"key":"S1368980008003844_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.312.7033.770"},{"key":"S1368980008003844_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mol.0000236363.63840.16"},{"key":"S1368980008003844_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra022471"},{"key":"S1368980008003844_ref13","volume-title":"Toxicological Effects of Methyl Mercury","year":"2000"},{"key":"S1368980008003844_ref14","unstructured":"14. 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National Center for Health Statistics (2008) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Data Sets and Related Documentation. http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/about\/major\/nhanes\/datalink.htm (accessed September 2008)."}],"container-title":["Public Health Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1368980008003844","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,11]],"date-time":"2019-04-11T16:48:18Z","timestamp":1555001298000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1368980008003844\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S1368980008003844"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1368980008003844","relation":{},"ISSN":["1368-9800","1475-2727"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1368-9800","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-2727","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]}}}