{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T19:36:58Z","timestamp":1772134618767,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,8]],"date-time":"2010-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1275955200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Public Health Nutr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S1368980010001631_abs1\" sec-type=\"general\"><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The present study was undertaken to assess the status of vitamins A and E (VA and VE, respectively) and their main determinants in Tunisian children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980010001631_abs2\" sec-type=\"general\"><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cross-sectional population-based study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980010001631_abs3\" sec-type=\"general\"><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Kasserine Governorate in the centre west of Tunisia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980010001631_abs4\" sec-type=\"subjects\"><jats:title>Subjects<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 7407 children attending the first grade of elementary school were included. VA and VE were assessed by HPLC.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980010001631_abs5\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The prevalence of moderate VA deficiency (VAD; &lt;0\u00b770 \u03bcmol\/l) was 2\u00b73 % and VE deficiency (VED; &lt;6\u00b797 \u03bcmol\/l) was 5\u00b74 %. Low status in VA (0\u00b770\u20131\u00b705 \u03bcmol\/l) and VE (6\u00b797\u201311\u00b761 \u03bcmol\/l) was observed in 17 % and 20\u00b72 % of children, respectively. No child exhibited severe VA or VE deficiency (&lt;0\u00b735 and &lt;2\u00b732 \u03bcmol\/l, respectively). The main predictors of VAD were advanced age (OR = 1\u00b765; 95 % CI 1\u00b713, 2\u00b741;<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= 0\u00b705) and sickness within the past 2 weeks (OR = 1\u00b751; 95 % CI 1\u00b709, 2\u00b709;<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= 0\u00b701). Predictors of VED were living in the peri-urban region (OR = 1\u00b760; 95 % CI 1\u00b728, 2\u00b701;<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0\u00b7001) and sickness within the past 2 weeks (OR = 0\u00b775; 95 % CI 0\u00b760, 0\u00b794;<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= 0\u00b701).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980010001631_abs6\" sec-type=\"conclusion\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Moderate VAD and VED were uncommon in Tunisian children. However, low status in VA and\/or VE remains frequent. A reinforcement of the national strategies for children's nutrition and health is needed, particularly in disadvantaged regions. Supplementation of VA and VE is not necessary in Tunisia, but food fortification may be beneficial.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1368980010001631","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,8]],"date-time":"2010-06-08T09:50:22Z","timestamp":1275990622000},"page":"255-260","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Status of vitamins A and E in schoolchildren in the centre west of Tunisia: a population-based study"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Samira","family":"Fares","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed K","family":"Chahed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Moncef","family":"Feki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chiraz","family":"Beji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Traissac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jalila","family":"El Ati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naziha","family":"Kaabachi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1368980010001631_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.106.S4.1275","article-title":"Feeding practices, growth, and morbidity in Tunisia","volume":"106","author":"Khaldi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"S1368980010001631_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(83)90677-3"},{"key":"S1368980010001631_ref20","volume-title":"Global Prevalence of Vitamin A Deficiency in Populations at Risk 1995\u20132005. WHO Global Database on Vitamin A Deficiency","year":"2009"},{"key":"S1368980010001631_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/48.6.1490"},{"key":"S1368980010001631_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02724930124553"},{"key":"S1368980010001631_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/132.9.2857S"},{"key":"S1368980010001631_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/60.5.796a"},{"key":"S1368980010001631_ref18","unstructured":"18. UNICEF (2004) La situation des enfants en Tunisie. Analyse et recommandations (The situation of children in Tunisia. Analysis and recommendations). http:\/\/www.unicef.org.tn (accessed March 2008)."},{"key":"S1368980010001631_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-7-7"},{"key":"S1368980010001631_ref27","volume-title":"Indicators for Assessing Vitamin A Deficiency and Their Application in Monitoring and Evaluating Intervention Programs","year":"1996"},{"key":"S1368980010001631_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)91879-Q"},{"key":"S1368980010001631_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/48.3.577","article-title":"Serum vitamin E and lipid-adjusted vitamin E assessment in Friedreich ataxia phenotype patients and unaffected family members","volume":"48","author":"Feki","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"S1368980010001631_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/134.1.231S"},{"key":"S1368980010001631_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7409.254"},{"key":"S1368980010001631_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/46.9.1401","article-title":"Vitamin E and coronary heart disease in Tunisians","volume":"46","author":"Feki","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"S1368980010001631_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.23.3116"},{"key":"S1368980010001631_ref19","unstructured":"19. Food and Agriculture Organization (2005) Profil nutritionnel de la Tunisie (Tunisian nutritional profile). Division de l\u2019Alimentation et de la Nutrition. ftp:\/\/ftp.fao.org\/es\/esn\/nutrition\/ncp\/tun.pdf (accessed March 2008)."},{"key":"S1368980010001631_ref22","unstructured":"22. The WHO Child Growth Standards (2007) Growth reference data for 5\u201319 years. http:\/\/www.who.int\/childgrowth\/en\/ (accessed October 2009)."},{"key":"S1368980010001631_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R300019-JLR200"},{"key":"S1368980010001631_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4347(00)81869-1"},{"key":"S1368980010001631_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2005.06.003"},{"key":"S1368980010001631_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/72.5.1170"},{"key":"S1368980010001631_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1824","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/42.11.1824","article-title":"Biological variability in serum vitamin E concentrations: relation to serum lipids","volume":"42","author":"Maes","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"S1368980010001631_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/136.8.2255"},{"key":"S1368980010001631_ref26","volume-title":"Principles of Nutritional Assessment","author":"Gibson","year":"1990"},{"key":"S1368980010001631_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0083-6729(07)76001-6"},{"key":"S1368980010001631_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)15099-4"},{"key":"S1368980010001631_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/138.4.768"},{"key":"S1368980010001631_ref16","first-page":"12","article-title":"Tunisian health profile: present state and trends","volume":"80","author":"Fakhfakh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Tunis Med"},{"key":"S1368980010001631_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115502"},{"key":"S1368980010001631_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1017\/PHN2006944","article-title":"Vitamin A status among children in China","volume":"9","author":"Jiang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"S1368980010001631_ref17","unstructured":"17. Food and Agriculture Organization (2009) Life expectancy and child mortality. FAO Statistic Division. FAO statistical Yearbook 2007\u20132008. http:\/\/faostat.fao.org\/ (accessed October 2009)."}],"container-title":["Public Health Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1368980010001631","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]],"date-time":"2024-03-27T11:29:18Z","timestamp":1711538958000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1368980010001631\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,8]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S1368980010001631"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1368980010001631","relation":{},"ISSN":["1368-9800","1475-2727"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1368-9800","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-2727","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,8]]}}}