{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T00:34:20Z","timestamp":1784853260532,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,23]],"date-time":"2011-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1314057600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Public Health Nutr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S1368980011002126_abs1\" sec-type=\"general\"><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To assess serum retinol, liver intake patterns, breast-feeding history and anthropometric status in pre-school children of a low socio-economic community where liver is regularly consumed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980011002126_abs2\" sec-type=\"general\"><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cross-sectional study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980011002126_abs3\" sec-type=\"general\"><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Northern Cape Province, South Africa.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980011002126_abs4\" sec-type=\"subjects\"><jats:title>Subjects<\/jats:title><jats:p>Children aged 1\u20136 years (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>243) who attended the local primary health-care facility and had not received a vitamin A supplement in the 6 months preceding the study. Non-pregnant female caregivers (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>225), below 50 years of age, were also assessed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980011002126_abs5\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Despite stunting, underweight and wasting being prevalent in 40\u00b75 %, 23\u00b71 % and 8\u00b74 % of the children, only 5\u00b78 % had serum retinol concentrations &lt; 20 \u03bcg\/dl, which is in sharp contrast to the national prevalence of 63\u00b76 %. None of the caregivers were vitamin A deficient. Liver was eaten by 89\u00b72 % of children, with 87 % of households eating liver at least once monthly and 30 % eating it at least once weekly; liver was introduced into the diet of the children at a median age of 18 months. Ninety-three per cent of the children were being breast-fed or had been breast-fed in the past; children were breast-fed to a median age of 18 months. A significant negative correlation was found between educational level of the caregiver and frequency of liver intake (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>= \u22120\u00b7143,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0\u00b7032). There was no correlation between serum retinol and indicators of anthropometric or socio-economic status.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980011002126_abs6\" sec-type=\"conclusion\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The blanket approach in applying the national vitamin A supplementation programme may not be appropriate for all areas in the country, even though the community may be poor and undernourished.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1368980011002126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,23]],"date-time":"2011-08-23T09:59:17Z","timestamp":1314093557000},"page":"716-724","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Serum retinol in 1\u20136-year-old children from a low socio-economic South African community with a high intake of liver: implications for blanket vitamin A supplementation"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Martha E","family":"van Stuijvenberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serina E","family":"Schoeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carl J","family":"Lombard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad A","family":"Dhansay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1368980011002126_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2002.17.8.1349"},{"key":"S1368980011002126_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/PHN2002454"},{"key":"S1368980011002126_ref7","volume-title":"Guidelines for the Implementation of Vitamin A Supplementation","year":"2004"},{"key":"S1368980011002126_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.65.5.893","article-title":"Chronic vitamin A intoxication in infants fed chicken liver","volume":"65","author":"Mahoney","year":"1980","journal-title":"Pedriatrics"},{"key":"S1368980011002126_ref2","volume-title":"Effectiveness of Vitamin A Supplementation in the Control of Young Child Morbidity and Mortality in Developing Countries. 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