{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T11:29:34Z","timestamp":1778585374990,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,7]],"date-time":"2011-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1320624000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Public Health Nutr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S1368980011002886_abs1\" sec-type=\"general\"><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The main objective was to assess iodine status (thyroid volume (Tvol) and urinary iodine concentration (UIC)) and their determinants in Saharawi refugee women.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980011002886_abs2\" sec-type=\"general\"><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>A cross-sectional survey was performed during January\u2013February 2007. Tvol was measured by ultrasound and iodine concentration was analysed in spot urine samples and in household drinking water. Anthropometry and Hb concentration were measured and background variables were collected using pre-coded questionnaires.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980011002886_abs3\" sec-type=\"general\"><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>The survey was undertaken in four long-term refugee camps in the Algerian desert.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980011002886_abs4\" sec-type=\"subjects\"><jats:title>Subjects<\/jats:title><jats:p>Non-pregnant women (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>394), 15\u201345 years old, randomly selected.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980011002886_abs5\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Median (25th percentile\u201375th percentile (P<jats:sub>25<\/jats:sub>\u2013P<jats:sub>75<\/jats:sub>)) UIC was 466 (294\u2013725) \u03bcg\/l. Seventy-four per cent had UIC above 300 \u03bcg\/l and 46 % above 500 \u03bcg\/l. Median (P<jats:sub>25<\/jats:sub>\u2013P<jats:sub>75<\/jats:sub>) Tvol was 9\u00b74 (7\u00b74\u201312\u00b70) ml and the goitre prevalence was 22 %. UIC was positively associated with iodine in drinking water and negatively associated with breast-feeding, and these two variables explained 28 % of the variation in UIC. The mean (<jats:sc>sd<\/jats:sc>) Hb level was 11\u00b78 (2\u00b74) g\/dl. In total 46 % were anaemic with 14 %, 25 % and 7 %, classified with respectively mild, moderate and severe anaemia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980011002886_abs6\" sec-type=\"conclusion\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Saharawi women had high UIC, high levels of iodine in drinking water and increased Tvol and probably suffered from iodine-induced goitre. The high prevalence of anaemia is considered to be a severe public health concern. To what extent the excessive iodine intake and the anaemia have affected thyroid function is unknown and should be addressed in future studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1368980011002886","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,7]],"date-time":"2011-11-07T11:10:16Z","timestamp":1320664216000},"page":"1512-1518","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Iodine-induced goitre and high prevalence of anaemia among Saharawi refugee women"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Sigrun","family":"Henjum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ingrid","family":"Barikmo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tor A","family":"Strand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arne","family":"Oshaug","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liv Elin","family":"Torheim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1368980011002886_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1530\/acta.0.1290505","article-title":"Thyroid volume and morphology and urinary iodine excretion in a Danish municipality","volume":"129","author":"Nygaard","year":"1993","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol (Copenh)"},{"key":"S1368980011002886_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)61375-X"},{"key":"S1368980011002886_ref6","unstructured":"6. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, World Food Programme & Centre for International Child Health Institute of Child Health 2002. Anthropometric and Micronutrient Nutrition Survey, Saharawi Refugee Camps, Tindouf, Algeria. http:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/45fa67bf2.html (accessed October 2011)."},{"key":"S1368980011002886_ref20","volume-title":"Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin k, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium and Zinc","year":"2001"},{"key":"S1368980011002886_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-0495(98)90004-X"},{"key":"S1368980011002886_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1420224"},{"key":"S1368980011002886_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1988.tb01214.x"},{"key":"S1368980011002886_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1998.00400.x"},{"key":"S1368980011002886_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1069749"},{"key":"S1368980011002886_ref22","article-title":"How do we optimize iodine intake to minimaize the occurrence of thyroid disordes in Europe?","author":"Laurberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hot Thyroidology"},{"key":"S1368980011002886_ref3","volume-title":"Iron Deficiency Anaemia Assessment, Prevention, and Control. A Guide for Programme Managers","year":"2001"},{"key":"S1368980011002886_ref28","first-page":"257","article-title":"Endemic goitre in central China caused by excessive iodine intake","volume":"2","author":"Li","year":"1987","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"S1368980011002886_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1177\/000992288902800709","article-title":"Transient primary hypothyroidism in the neonate","volume":"28","author":"Clemens","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clin Pediatr (Phila)"},{"key":"S1368980011002886_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/81.5.1188","article-title":"A life cycle micronutrient perspective for women's health","volume":"81","author":"Bartley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"S1368980011002886_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1530\/acta.0.1240012","article-title":"Thyroid volume and goitre prevalence in the elderly as determined by ultrasound and their relationships to laboratory indices","volume":"124","author":"Hintze","year":"1991","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol (Copenh)"},{"key":"S1368980011002886_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1989.tb17951.x"},{"key":"S1368980011002886_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1070506"},{"key":"S1368980011002886_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(21)01843-5","article-title":"A review of iodine toxicity reports","volume":"90","author":"Pennington","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Am Diet Assoc"},{"key":"S1368980011002886_ref7","first-page":"12","article-title":"Iodine-independent endemic goiter in Saharawi refugee camps in Southwestern Algeria","volume":"14","author":"Pezzino","year":"1998","journal-title":"IDD Newsletter"},{"key":"S1368980011002886_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1575-0922(03)74554-9"},{"key":"S1368980011002886_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.83.3.4624"},{"key":"S1368980011002886_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/PHN2005830"},{"key":"S1368980011002886_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1991.tb00314.x"},{"key":"S1368980011002886_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/PHN2004689"},{"key":"S1368980011002886_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-56-2-260"},{"key":"S1368980011002886_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980010000650"},{"key":"S1368980011002886_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.5.1069","article-title":"Relations between various measures of iodine intake and thyroid volume, thyroid nodularity, and serum thyroglobulin","volume":"76","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"S1368980011002886_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1530\/acta.0.1120494","article-title":"Goitre epidemiology: thyroid volume, iodine excretion, thyroglobulin and thyrotropin in Germany and Sweden","volume":"112","author":"Gutekunst","year":"1986","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol (Copenh)"},{"key":"S1368980011002886_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/105072501300176417"},{"key":"S1368980011002886_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2000.00939.x"},{"key":"S1368980011002886_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1067777"},{"key":"S1368980011002886_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/79.2.231","article-title":"New reference values for thyroid volume by ultrasound in iodine-sufficient schoolchildren: a World Health Organization\/Nutrition for Health and Development Iodine Deficiency Study Group Report","volume":"79","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"S1368980011002886_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2004-825901"},{"key":"S1368980011002886_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2001.tb05512.x"},{"key":"S1368980011002886_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601632"},{"key":"S1368980011002886_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.08.006"},{"key":"S1368980011002886_ref18","volume-title":"The Management of Nutrition in Major Emergencies","year":"2000"},{"key":"S1368980011002886_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1400486"},{"key":"S1368980011002886_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2010.10.003"},{"key":"S1368980011002886_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1987.tb00784.x"},{"key":"S1368980011002886_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.26.061505.111236"},{"key":"S1368980011002886_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1997.2271040.x"},{"key":"S1368980011002886_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1530\/acta.0.0500161","article-title":"\u2018Endemic coast goitre\u2019 in Hokkaido, Japan","volume":"50","author":"Suzuki","year":"1965","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol (Copenh)"},{"key":"S1368980011002886_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2002-20529"},{"key":"S1368980011002886_ref2","volume-title":"Assessment of Iodine Deficiency Disorders and Monitoring their Elimination. A Guide for Programme Managers","year":"2007"},{"key":"S1368980011002886_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/80.4.973","article-title":"Spread fortified with vitamins and minerals induces catch-up growth and eradicates severe anemia in stunted refugee children aged 3\u20136 y","volume":"80","author":"Lopriore","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"S1368980011002886_ref19","volume-title":"Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on the Tolerable Upper Intake Level of Iodine","year":"2002"},{"key":"S1368980011002886_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-9-66"},{"key":"S1368980011002886_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1600992"},{"key":"S1368980011002886_ref17","volume-title":"Physical Status: The Use and Interpretation of Anthropometry. Report of a WHO Expert Committee. WHO Technical Report Series","year":"1995"}],"container-title":["Public Health Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1368980011002886","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,15]],"date-time":"2021-12-15T04:33:09Z","timestamp":1639542789000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1368980011002886\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,7]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S1368980011002886"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1368980011002886","relation":{},"ISSN":["1368-9800","1475-2727"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1368-9800","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-2727","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,7]]}}}