{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T04:16:34Z","timestamp":1777522594055,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,23]],"date-time":"2012-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1332460800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Public Health Nutr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S1368980012000924_abs1\" sec-type=\"general\"><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine the prevalence of vitamin A deficiency, infection and adequacy of vitamin A intakes among Zambian children, and the contribution of dietary vitamin A and infection to vitamin A status.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980012000924_abs2\" sec-type=\"general\"><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>A cross-sectional survey of vitamin A intakes by the 24 h recall method, vitamin A status by plasma retinol and the modified relative dose-response test, and infection by acute-phase proteins.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980012000924_abs3\" sec-type=\"general\"><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Rural communities in Central and Eastern Provinces of Zambia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980012000924_abs4\" sec-type=\"subjects\"><jats:title>Subjects<\/jats:title><jats:p>Children 2\u20135 years of age.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980012000924_abs5\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The prevalence of vitamin A deficiency was 56 % by plasma retinol, 48 % with infection-adjusted plasma retinol and 22 % by the modified relative dose-response test. The majority of children (61 %) had a current infection. Vitamin A intakes were relatively high (331 to 585 \u03bcg retinol activity equivalents\/d in the harvest\/early post-harvest and late post-harvest seasons, respectively) and the prevalence of inadequate intakes was &lt;1 % when compared with the Estimated Average Requirement (210 and 275 \u03bcg retinol activity equivalents\/d for children aged 1\u20133 and 4\u20138 years, respectively). Elevated \u03b1-1-acid glycoprotein was negatively associated with plasma retinol (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0\u00b70 0 1) and vitamin A intake was positively associated with plasma retinol (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0\u00b705), but only when estimated assuming a 26:1 retinol equivalence for provitamin A from green and yellow vegetables.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980012000924_abs6\" sec-type=\"conclusion\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Infection and vitamin A intakes were significant determinants of plasma retinol. We cannot conclude which indicator more accurately represents the true vitamin A status of the population. Reasons for the persistent high prevalence of vitamin A deficiency in the presence of adequate vitamin A intakes are unclear, but the high rates of infection may play a role.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1368980012000924","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,23]],"date-time":"2012-03-23T19:24:49Z","timestamp":1332530689000},"page":"1688-1696","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Vitamin A intake and infection are associated with plasma retinol among pre-school children in rural Zambia"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Christine","family":"Hotz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Chileshe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ward","family":"Siamusantu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Uma","family":"Palaniappan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Kafwembe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1368980012000924_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/34.2.377","article-title":"Concurrent liquid chromatographic assay of retinol, tocopherol, \u03b2-carotene, \u03b1-carotene, lycopene and \u03b2-cryptoxanthin in plasma with tocopherol acetate as an internal standard","volume":"34","author":"Thurnham","year":"1988","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"S1368980012000924_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/132.7.1909"},{"key":"S1368980012000924_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.110.005777"},{"key":"S1368980012000924_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2002.10719239"},{"key":"S1368980012000924_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4063"},{"key":"S1368980012000924_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.110.125500"},{"key":"S1368980012000924_ref34","volume-title":"Requirements of Vitamin A, Iron, Folate and Vitamin B12. 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