{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T10:28:58Z","timestamp":1793183338041,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,21]],"date-time":"2012-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1337558400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Public Health Nutr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S1368980012001346_abs1\" sec-type=\"general\"><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The relationship between a child's environment and nutritional status is difficult to examine yet could offer an important guide to policy. The objective of the present work was to examine individual and environmental correlates with childhood height-for-age in Ghana.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980012001346_abs2\" sec-type=\"general\"><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data were derived from the 2008 MEASURE Demographic and Health Survey in Ghana, the 2000 Ghana Population and Housing Census, and the World Wide Fund for Nature's eco-regions database. A generalized linear mixed regression model was used to estimate the effects of individual and environmental correlates on height-for-age.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980012001346_abs3\" sec-type=\"subjects\"><jats:title>Subjects<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study examined 2225 Ghanaian children aged 0\u201359 months.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980012001346_abs4\" sec-type=\"general\"><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>The setting was all districts in Ghana for the year 2008.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980012001346_abs5\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>After accounting for individual characteristics of children, mothers and households, height-for-age was significantly associated with population density. Other significantly associated variables in the final model were the age of the child, vaccination status, the size of the child at birth, months of breast-feeding, mother's BMI, whether the child's mother had health insurance and wealth quintile.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980012001346_abs6\" sec-type=\"conclusion\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>In addition to a number of characteristics of the children and their households, the social milieu is important to understanding differences in height-for-age among children in Ghana. The biophysical environment was not associated with height-for-age.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1368980012001346","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,21]],"date-time":"2012-05-21T05:59:07Z","timestamp":1337579947000},"page":"46-53","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["An examination of environmental correlates with childhood height-for-age in Ghana"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ebenezer","family":"Nikoi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Anthamatten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1368980012001346_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000239847"},{"key":"S1368980012001346_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/PHN2006854"},{"key":"S1368980012001346_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601915"},{"key":"S1368980012001346_ref3","first-page":"87","volume-title":"Disease and Mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa","author":"Benson","year":"2006"},{"key":"S1368980012001346_ref42","unstructured":"UNICEF (2006) At a Glance: Ghana. http:\/\/www.unicef.org\/infobycountry\/ghana.html (accessed February 2010)."},{"key":"S1368980012001346_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980007226035"},{"key":"S1368980012001346_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodpol.2005.10.007"},{"key":"S1368980012001346_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8809(01)00255-9"},{"key":"S1368980012001346_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(02)00183-1"},{"key":"S1368980012001346_ref16","unstructured":"World Wildlife Fund (2001) Ecoregions \u2013 Terresrial Ecoregions. http:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/science\/ecoregions\/item1267.html (accessed May 2010)."},{"key":"S1368980012001346_ref21","first-page":"89","article-title":"Effect of wealth inequality on chronic under-nutrition in Cambodian children","volume":"24","author":"Hong","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Health Popul Nutr"},{"key":"S1368980012001346_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1641\/0006-3568(2001)051[0933:TEOTWA]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"S1368980012001346_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-9276-6-21"},{"key":"S1368980012001346_ref15","unstructured":"Measure DHS (2010) DHS methodology. http:\/\/www.measuredhs.com\/aboutsurveys\/dhs\/methodology.cfm (accessed May 2010)."},{"key":"S1368980012001346_ref34","volume-title":"Poverty and Nutrition in Bolivia: A World Bank Country Study","year":"2002"},{"key":"S1368980012001346_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/50.5.260"},{"key":"S1368980012001346_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2006.01.004"},{"key":"S1368980012001346_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002684"},{"key":"S1368980012001346_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980009004790"},{"key":"S1368980012001346_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2004.05.010"},{"key":"S1368980012001346_ref38","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ghana Census-based poverty map: district and sub-district level results 1","author":"Coulombe","year":"2005","journal-title":"World"},{"key":"S1368980012001346_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10705-010-9347-7"},{"key":"S1368980012001346_ref2","unstructured":"UNICEF (2011) Undernutrition. http:\/\/www.unicef.org\/progressforchildren\/2006n4\/undernutritiondefinition.html (accessed February 2011)."},{"key":"S1368980012001346_ref1","first-page":"21","volume-title":"Infant and Child Nutrition Worldwide: Issues and Perspectives","author":"Pradilla","year":"1991"},{"key":"S1368980012001346_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-7-17"},{"key":"S1368980012001346_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/122.5.1105"},{"key":"S1368980012001346_ref4","unstructured":"UNICEF (2009) Global Child Mortality Continues to Fall. http:\/\/www.unicefusa.org\/news\/releases\/global-child-mortality.html (accessed February 2011)."},{"key":"S1368980012001346_ref5","volume-title":"Ghana Demographic and Health Survey, 2008","year":"2009"},{"key":"S1368980012001346_ref10","unstructured":"Legg C (2008) A Spatial Analysis of Child Nutrition in West Africa. 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