{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,11]],"date-time":"2026-01-11T08:29:35Z","timestamp":1768120175246,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,16]],"date-time":"2012-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1353024000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Public Health Nutr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S1368980012004685_abs1\" sec-type=\"general\"><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To study the associations between intakes of iodine and water chemicals and the thyroid gland status of schoolchildren living in the coastal city of Port Sudan.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980012004685_abs2\" sec-type=\"general\"><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>In our previous nationwide study on goitre, it was observed that the prevalence of goitre was high in Port Sudan city despite high urinary iodine excretion. A cross-sectional study including schoolchildren aged 6\u201312 years was designed. Measurements determined the prevalence of goitre, urinary iodine concentration and thiocyanate secretion in casual urine samples, serum levels of thyroxine, triiodothyronine, thyroid-stimulating hormone and thyroglobulin, as well as the levels of Cl<jats:sup>\u2013<\/jats:sup>, F<jats:sup>\u2013<\/jats:sup>, Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>, Mg<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>and total hardness of drinking water.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980012004685_abs3\" sec-type=\"subjects\"><jats:title>Subjects<\/jats:title><jats:p>Schoolchildren (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>654) aged 6\u201312 years.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980012004685_abs4\" sec-type=\"general\"><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Port Sudan city is located at the western bank of the Red Sea. The city is surrounded by a mountainous area known as the Red Sea Hills. It is the main sea port in the Sudan, inhabited by ethnically and socio-economically heterogeneous populations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980012004685_abs5\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The prevalence of goitre in Port Sudan was 34\u00b786 % while the median urinary iodine concentration was 46\u00b74 \u03bcg\/dl. Out of thirty-one pupils from Port Sudan, twenty-four (77\u00b742 %) were found to have urinary iodine concentration greater than 30 \u03bcg\/dl and twelve (38\u00b771 %) had different degrees of biochemical hypothyroidism. Excessive concentrations of Cl<jats:sup>\u2013<\/jats:sup>, Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>, Mg<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>and water hardness (369\u00b72, 116\u00b748, 60\u00b721 and 539\u00b70 mg\/l, respectively) were detected in drinking water samples collected from Port Sudan that exceeded levels permitted by the WHO.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980012004685_abs6\" sec-type=\"conclusion\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The coastal city of Port Sudan is a goitre-endemic area. In contrast to other Sudanese cities in which endemic goitre is related to iodine deficiency, goitre in Port Sudan is associated with iodine excess. Water chemicals seemed to have no effects on thyroid status.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1368980012004685","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,3]],"date-time":"2012-12-03T18:03:15Z","timestamp":1354557795000},"page":"1586-1592","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Excessive iodine intake, water chemicals and endemic goitre in a Sudanese coastal area"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Abdel Monim MH","family":"Medani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdelsalam A","family":"Elnour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amal M","family":"Saeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1368980012004685_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2009-0011"},{"key":"S1368980012004685_ref6","first-page":"257","article-title":"Endemic goitre in Central China caused by excessive iodine intake","volume":"1","author":"Li","year":"1987","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"S1368980012004685_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/81.4.840"},{"key":"S1368980012004685_ref14","volume-title":"Endemic Goitre in the Union of South Africa and Some Neighbouring Territories","author":"Steyn","year":"1955"},{"key":"S1368980012004685_ref28","volume-title":"Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater","author":"Clesceri","year":"2000"},{"key":"S1368980012004685_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-14-11-1412"},{"key":"S1368980012004685_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000153746"},{"key":"S1368980012004685_ref16","first-page":"212","article-title":"Fluorine in the aetiology of endemic goitre","volume":"15","author":"Wilson","year":"1941","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"S1368980012004685_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/bchm2.1958.312.1.26"},{"key":"S1368980012004685_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2754\/avb199968030191"},{"key":"S1368980012004685_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.1.02128"},{"key":"S1368980012004685_ref8","first-page":"179","article-title":"Urine excretion of iodine in an Icelandic population","volume":"74","author":"Sigurdsson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Icelandic Med J"},{"key":"S1368980012004685_ref30","volume-title":"Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality","year":"1984"},{"key":"S1368980012004685_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1600671"},{"key":"S1368980012004685_ref23","first-page":"58","volume-title":"Monitoring Universal Salt Iodization Programs (WHO\/ICCIDD\/UNICEF\/MI Manual)","author":"Kevin","year":"1995"},{"key":"S1368980012004685_ref24","volume-title":"Indicators for Assessing Iodine Deficiency Disorders and their Control Through Salt Iodization (WHO\/NUT\/94.6)","year":"1994"},{"key":"S1368980012004685_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/105072501300176462"},{"key":"S1368980012004685_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/105072501300176417"},{"key":"S1368980012004685_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1530\/acta.0.0500161","article-title":"Endemic coast goitre Hokkaido, Japan","volume":"50","author":"Suzuki","year":"1965","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol (Copenh)"},{"key":"S1368980012004685_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/PHN2005830"},{"key":"S1368980012004685_ref26","first-page":"474","article-title":"The estimation of micro quantities of cyanide and thiocyanate","volume":"70","author":"Aldridge","year":"1945","journal-title":"Analyst (Lond)"},{"key":"S1368980012004685_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.824647"},{"key":"S1368980012004685_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(72)91370-0"},{"key":"S1368980012004685_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-0732"},{"key":"S1368980012004685_ref18","first-page":"14","article-title":"Global IDD Scorecard 2010","volume":"35","year":"2010","journal-title":"IDD Newsletter"},{"key":"S1368980012004685_ref19","unstructured":"Eltom M (1984) Endemic goitre in Sudan. PhD Thesis, Uppsala University."},{"key":"S1368980012004685_ref20","first-page":"302","article-title":"Factors other than iodine deficiency contributing to the endemicity of goitre in Darfur Province (Sudan)","volume":"35","author":"Osman","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Hum Nutr"},{"key":"S1368980012004685_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/71.1.59"},{"key":"S1368980012004685_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.09.075002"},{"key":"S1368980012004685_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/42.2.239","article-title":"Ammonium persulfate: a safe alternative oxidizing reagent for measuring urinary iodine","volume":"42","author":"Pino","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"S1368980012004685_ref29","volume-title":"International Standards for Drinking Water","year":"1971"},{"key":"S1368980012004685_ref31","volume-title":"Assessment of Iodine Deficiency Disorders and Monitoring their Elimination. A Guide for Programme Managers (WHO\/NHD\/01.1)","year":"2001"},{"key":"S1368980012004685_ref33","first-page":"333","article-title":"Population living in the Red Sea State of Sudan may need urgent intervention to correct the excess dietary iodine intake","volume":"18","author":"Hussein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"S1368980012004685_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8529(18)30482-1","article-title":"Environmental factors affecting autoimmune thyroid disease","volume":"16","author":"Safran","year":"1987","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am"},{"key":"S1368980012004685_ref35","first-page":"85","volume-title":"The Thyroid","author":"Pisarev","year":"2000"},{"key":"S1368980012004685_ref37","first-page":"3599","article-title":"Serum thyroglobulin a sensitive marker of thyroid abnormalities and iodine deficiency in epidemiologic studies","volume":"86","author":"Knudsen","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"S1368980012004685_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-020750"},{"key":"S1368980012004685_ref32","first-page":"185","volume-title":"Endemic Goitre and Endemic Cretinism: Iodine Nutrition in Health and Disease","author":"Koutras","year":"1980"}],"container-title":["Public Health Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1368980012004685","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,17]],"date-time":"2020-07-17T14:53:27Z","timestamp":1594997607000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1368980012004685\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,16]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S1368980012004685"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1368980012004685","relation":{},"ISSN":["1368-9800","1475-2727"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1368-9800","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-2727","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,16]]}}}