{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T00:40:43Z","timestamp":1790383243768,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,22]],"date-time":"2013-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1361491200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Public Health Nutr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S1368980013000281_abs1\" sec-type=\"general\"><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate characteristics of exposure to violence in relation to food security status among female-headed households.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980013000281_abs2\" sec-type=\"general\"><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ongoing mixed-method participatory action study. Questions addressed food insecurity, public assistance, and maternal and child health. Grounded theory analysis of qualitative themes related to violence was performed. These themes were then categorized by food security status.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980013000281_abs3\" sec-type=\"general\"><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Homes of low-income families in Philadelphia, PA, USA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980013000281_abs4\" sec-type=\"subjects\"><jats:title>Subjects<\/jats:title><jats:p>Forty-four mothers of children under 3 years of age participating in public assistance programmes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980013000281_abs5\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Forty women described exposure to violence ranging from fear of violence to personal experiences with rape. Exposure to violence affected mental health, ability to continue school and obtain work with living wages, and subsequently the ability to afford food. Exposure to violence during childhood and being a perpetrator of violence were both linked to very low food security status and depressive symptoms. Ten of seventeen (59 %) participants reporting very low food security described life-changing violence, compared with three of fifteen (20 %) participants reporting low food security and four of twelve (33 %) reporting food security. Examples of violent experiences among the very low food secure group included exposure to child abuse, neglect and rape that suggest exposure to violence is an important factor in the experience of very low food security.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980013000281_abs6\" sec-type=\"conclusion\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Descriptions of childhood trauma and life-changing violence are linked with severe food security. Policy makers and clinicians should incorporate violence prevention efforts when addressing hunger.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1368980013000281","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,22]],"date-time":"2013-02-22T15:13:36Z","timestamp":1361546016000},"page":"73-82","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":95,"title":["Very low food security in the USA is linked with exposure to violence"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Mariana M","family":"Chilton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenny R","family":"Rabinowich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas H","family":"Woolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1368980013000281_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27886"},{"key":"S1368980013000281_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838009339754"},{"key":"S1368980013000281_ref33","first-page":"1","article-title":"Trauma, toxic stress and child hunger: implications for addressing food insecurity","volume":"3","author":"Chilton","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Appl Res Children"},{"key":"S1368980013000281_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2762","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.9.2762","article-title":"Understanding the experience of food insecurity by elders suggests ways to improve its measurement","volume":"133","author":"Wolfe","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"S1368980013000281_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0600888103"},{"key":"S1368980013000281_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2009.06.012"},{"key":"S1368980013000281_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/40285219"},{"key":"S1368980013000281_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2009.03.027"},{"key":"S1368980013000281_ref39","volume-title":"Basics of Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques","author":"Strauss","year":"1990"},{"key":"S1368980013000281_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-8606.2008.00049.x"},{"key":"S1368980013000281_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.113.2.298"},{"key":"S1368980013000281_ref1","volume-title":"Household Food Security in the United States in 2010. 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