{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T20:47:35Z","timestamp":1789073255019,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,7]],"date-time":"2013-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1362614400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Public Health Nutr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S136898001300030X_abs1\" sec-type=\"general\"><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>High prevalence of hypovitaminosis D has been reported to be common in different regions of the Middle East. The objective of the present study was to examine the predictors of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency in Bahrainis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S136898001300030X_abs2\" sec-type=\"general\"><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>A cross-sectional study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S136898001300030X_abs3\" sec-type=\"general\"><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Blood transfusion volunteers at a blood bank.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S136898001300030X_abs4\" sec-type=\"subjects\"><jats:title>Subjects<\/jats:title><jats:p>Serum levels of total 25-hydroxyvitamin D, bone markers and other parameters such age, sex, season and clothing style in the 500 healthy Bahrainis were investigated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S136898001300030X_abs5\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the entire cohort the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was 49\u00b74 % and the relative risk of vitamin D deficiency increased significantly by 1\u00b71, 1\u00b72, 1\u00b75, 1\u00b77 and 1\u00b72 fold with younger age group (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0\u00b703), hyperparathyroidism (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0\u00b701), low serum Ca (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0\u00b7001), warm and hot months of the year (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0\u00b70001) and female sex (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0\u00b7002), respectively. In females the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was 67\u00b76 % and the relative risk of vitamin D deficiency increased significantly by 1\u00b71, 1\u00b72, 1\u00b72, 1\u00b72 and 1\u00b74 fold with younger age group (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0\u00b704), hyperparathyroidism (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0\u00b703), low serum Ca (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0\u00b7001), warm and hot months of the year (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0\u00b7001) and conservative clothing style (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0\u00b704), respectively. In contrast, in males the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was 31\u00b72 % and the relative risk of vitamin D deficiency was increased by 1\u00b76 fold in warm and hot months of the year (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0\u00b70001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S136898001300030X_abs6\" sec-type=\"conclusion\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>High prevalence of low circulating levels of vitamin D and the relative risk factors associated with vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency observed in the present study suggest an urgent need for public health interventions including vitamin D food fortification in Bahrain.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s136898001300030x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,7]],"date-time":"2013-03-07T12:50:52Z","timestamp":1362660652000},"page":"732-738","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Predictors of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency in adult Bahrainis: a cross-sectional 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