{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T10:25:51Z","timestamp":1789381551588,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,18]],"date-time":"2013-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1363564800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Public Health Nutr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S1368980013000499_abs1\" sec-type=\"general\"><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To assess the associations between maternal HIV infection and growth outcomes of HIV-exposed but uninfected infants and to identify other predictors for poor growth among this population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980013000499_abs2\" sec-type=\"general\"><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Within a trial of de-worming during pregnancy, the cohort of offspring was followed from birth. HIV status of the mothers and their children was investigated and growth data for children were obtained at age 1 year. Length-for-age, weight-for-age and weight-for-length <jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic>-scores were calculated for each child; <jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic>-scores &lt;\u22122 were defined as stunting, underweight and wasting, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980013000499_abs3\" sec-type=\"general\"><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study was conducted in Entebbe municipality and Katabi sub-county, Uganda.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980013000499_abs4\" sec-type=\"subjects\"><jats:title>Subjects<\/jats:title><jats:p>The sample consisted of 1502 children aged 1 year: HIV-unexposed (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> 1380) and HIV-exposed not infected (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> 122).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980013000499_abs5\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prevalence of stunting, underweight and wasting was 14\u00b72 %, 8\u00b70 % and 3\u00b79 %, respectively. There was evidence for an association between maternal HIV infection and odds of being underweight (adjusted OR = 2\u00b732; 95 % CI 1\u00b732, 4\u00b709; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0\u00b7006) but no evidence for an association with stunting or with wasting. Young maternal age, low maternal education, low birth weight, early weaning and experiencing a higher number of episodes of malaria during infancy were independent predictors for stunting and underweight. A higher number of living children in the family was associated with wasting.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980013000499_abs6\" sec-type=\"conclusion\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Maternal HIV infection was associated with being underweight in HIV-exposed uninfected infants. The success of programmes for prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission means that an increasing number of infants will be born to HIV-infected women without acquiring HIV. Therefore, viable nutritional interventions need to be identified for this population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1368980013000499","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,18]],"date-time":"2013-03-18T14:12:07Z","timestamp":1363615927000},"page":"1548-1557","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Maternal HIV infection and other factors associated with growth outcomes of HIV-uninfected infants in Entebbe, Uganda"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Lawrence","family":"Muhangi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Swaib A","family":"Lule","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harriet","family":"Mpairwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliet","family":"Ndibazza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moses","family":"Kizza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret","family":"Nampijja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"Nakazibwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Macklyn","family":"Kihembo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison M","family":"Elliott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily L","family":"Webb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1368980013000499_ref32","unstructured":"Devereux S , Baulch B , Phiri A et al. (2006) Vulnerability to Chronic Poverty and Malnutrition in Malawi. A report for DFID Malawi. http:\/\/www.ids.ac.uk\/files\/MalawiVulnerabilityReport_Final.pdf (accesed May 2012)."},{"key":"S1368980013000499_ref31","first-page":"222","article-title":"Feeding practices and factors contributing to wasting, stunting, and iron-deficiency anaemia among 3\u201323-month old children in Kilosa district, rural Tanzania","volume":"23","author":"Mamiro","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Health Popul Nutr"},{"key":"S1368980013000499_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jae\/ejn024"},{"key":"S1368980013000499_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qai.0000162417.62748.cd","article-title":"Does exposure to antiretroviral therapy affect growth in the first 18 months of life in uninfected children born to HIV-infected women?","volume":"40","author":"Hankin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"S1368980013000499_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000207398.10466.0d"},{"key":"S1368980013000499_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2009.02220.x"},{"key":"S1368980013000499_ref23","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2010) Antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection in adults and adolescents: Recommendations for a public health approach, 2010 revision. http:\/\/whqlibdoc.who.int\/publications\/2010\/9789241599764_eng.pdf (accessed May 2012)."},{"key":"S1368980013000499_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8709.2007.00088.x"},{"key":"S1368980013000499_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2008.0125"},{"key":"S1368980013000499_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2007.03.017"},{"key":"S1368980013000499_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601500"},{"key":"S1368980013000499_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.79.2.175"},{"key":"S1368980013000499_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2007.01836.x"},{"key":"S1368980013000499_ref4","first-page":"339","article-title":"Nutritional assessment of newborns of HIV-infected mothers","volume":"46","author":"Gangar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr"},{"key":"S1368980013000499_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e52","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.111.1.e52","article-title":"Height, weight and growth in children born to mothers with HIV-1 infection in Europe","volume":"111","author":"Newell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"S1368980013000499_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmn068"},{"key":"S1368980013000499_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1740774506075248"},{"key":"S1368980013000499_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.102.4.e45"},{"key":"S1368980013000499_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200304010-00006"},{"key":"S1368980013000499_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2008.04.003"},{"key":"S1368980013000499_ref11","first-page":"89","article-title":"Effect of wealth inequality on chronic under-nutrition in Cambodian children","volume":"24","author":"Hong","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Health Popul Nutr"},{"key":"S1368980013000499_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.3923\/pjn.2009.958.964","article-title":"Nutritional status and determinants of malnutrition in children under three years of age in Nghean, Vietnam","volume":"8","author":"Hien","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pakistan J Nutr"},{"key":"S1368980013000499_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)80008-7"},{"key":"S1368980013000499_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/649924"},{"key":"S1368980013000499_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27745"},{"key":"S1368980013000499_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980008003261"},{"key":"S1368980013000499_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/ijsa.2008.008446"},{"key":"S1368980013000499_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/50.5.260"},{"key":"S1368980013000499_ref15","unstructured":"Kikafunda KK , Namusoke HK (2006) Nutritional status of HIV\/AIDS orphaned children in households headed by the elderly in Rakai District, South Western, Uganda. 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