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Fe deficiency was 40\u00b74 % and 14\u00b76 % based on ferritin &lt;30 \u03bcg\/l and on adjusted ferritin &lt;12 \u03bcg\/l respectively, and 6\u00b76 % based on sTfR &gt;8\u00b73 \u03bcg\/ml. The prevalence of Fe-deficiency anaemia was 9\u00b73 % based on ferritin &lt;30 \u03bcg\/l, 6\u00b76 % based on adjusted ferritin &lt;12 \u03bcg\/l and 4\u00b73 % based on sTfR &gt;8\u00b73 \u03bcg\/ml. Hepcidin concentration was positively correlated with ferritin concentration (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>151,<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>=0\u00b7578,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0\u00b700001).<jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>infection was highly prevalent (70 %) while malaria, hookworm infestation and syphilis were not common. Of all women, 60\u00b73 % had \u03b1-1 acid glycoprotein &gt;1 g\/l and\/or C-reactive protein &gt;5 mg\/l. Malaria parasitaemia (OR=6\u00b785; 95 % CI 1\u00b725, 37\u00b741,<jats:italic>P=<\/jats:italic>0\u00b7026) and Fe deficiency defined using sTfR (OR=5\u00b758; 95 % CI 1\u00b726, 24\u00b780,<jats:italic>P=<\/jats:italic>0\u00b7024) were independently and positively associated with anaemia. Population-attributable risk factors for anaemia for raised C-reactive protein, Fe deficiency defined by sTfR &gt;8\u00b73 \u03bcg\/ml and presence of malaria parasites were 41\u00b76 (95 % CI 11\u00b71, 72\u00b72) %, 13\u00b75 (95 % CI 2\u00b70, 25\u00b70) % and 12\u00b70 (95 % CI 1\u00b74, 22\u00b76) %, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980014001888_abs6\" sec-type=\"conclusions\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Infections and inflammation are of greater significance than Fe deficiency in the aetiology of anaemia in pregnant Ugandan women during the first trimester.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1368980014001888","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,15]],"date-time":"2014-09-15T14:14:52Z","timestamp":1410790492000},"page":"1423-1435","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["The aetiology of anaemia during pregnancy: a study to evaluate the contribution of iron deficiency and common infections in pregnant Ugandan women"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Rhona K","family":"Baingana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John K","family":"Enyaru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harold","family":"Tjalsma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dorine W","family":"Swinkels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lena","family":"Davidsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1368980014001888_ref39","first-page":"531","volume-title":"Clin Infect Dis","volume":"50","author":"Ndibazza","year":"2010"},{"key":"S1368980014001888_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2009.140053"},{"key":"S1368980014001888_ref71","author":"Ochama","year":"2001","journal-title":"Testing for Helicobacter pylori status in patients undergoing diagnostic endoscopy in Mulago and Nsambya hospitals"},{"key":"S1368980014001888_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0075518"},{"key":"S1368980014001888_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-5378.2011.00874.x"},{"key":"S1368980014001888_ref46","first-page":"385","article-title":"Serum transferrin receptor distinguishes the anemia of chronic disease from iron deficiency anemia","volume":"119","author":"Ferguson","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med"},{"key":"S1368980014001888_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/68.6.1241","article-title":"Serum transferrin receptor: a specific marker of iron deficiency in pregnancy","volume":"68","author":"Akesson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"S1368980014001888_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.76.725","article-title":"A comparison of methods for detecting the eggs of Ascaris, Trichuris, and hookworm in infant stool, and the epidemiology of infection in Zanzibari infants","volume":"76","author":"Goodman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"S1368980014001888_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00016340802428146"},{"key":"S1368980014001888_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-02-337907"},{"key":"S1368980014001888_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2001.65.138"},{"key":"S1368980014001888_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000681"},{"key":"S1368980014001888_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2014.22"},{"key":"S1368980014001888_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiq063"},{"key":"S1368980014001888_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0078394"},{"key":"S1368980014001888_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.08.028"},{"key":"S1368980014001888_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/PHN2004645"},{"key":"S1368980014001888_ref18","unstructured":"Ministry of Health (Uganda), ICF International, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Uganda), US Agency for International Development (Uganda) & WHO (Uganda) (2012) Uganda AIDS Indicator Survey 2011. 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