{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T12:46:12Z","timestamp":1791117972571,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,16]],"date-time":"2015-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1421366400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Nutr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S136898001400322X_abs1\" sec-type=\"general\"><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To assess oil consumption, vitamin A intake and retinol status before and a year after the fortification of unbranded palm oil with retinyl palmitate.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S136898001400322X_abs2\" sec-type=\"general\"><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pre\u2013post evaluation between two surveys.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S136898001400322X_abs3\" sec-type=\"general\"><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty-four villages in West Java.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S136898001400322X_abs4\" sec-type=\"subjects\"><jats:title>Subjects<\/jats:title><jats:p>Poor households were randomly sampled. Serum retinol (adjusted for subclinical infection) was analysed in cross-sectional samples of lactating mothers (baseline<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>324\/endline<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>349), their infants aged 6\u201311 months (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>318\/<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>335) and children aged 12\u201359 months (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>469\/477), and cohorts of children aged 5\u20139 years (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>186) and women aged 15\u201329 years (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>171), alongside food and oil consumption from dietary recall.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S136898001400322X_abs5\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fortified oil improved vitamin A intakes, contributing on average 26 %, 40 %, 38 %, 29 % and 35 % of the daily Recommended Nutrient Intake for children aged 12\u201323 months, 24\u201359 months, 5\u20139 years, lactating and non-lactating women, respectively. Serum retinol was 2\u201319 % higher at endline than baseline (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0\u00b7001 in infants aged 6\u201311 months, children aged 5\u20139 years, lactating and non-lactating women; non-significant in children aged 12\u201323 months;<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0\u00b7057 in children aged 24\u201359 months). Retinol in breast milk averaged 20\u00b75 \u03bcg\/dl at baseline and 32\u00b75 \u03bcg\/dl at endline (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0\u00b701). Deficiency prevalence (serum retinol &lt;20 \u03bcg\/dl) was 6\u00b75\u201318 % across groups at baseline, and 0\u00b76\u20136 % at endline (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u22640\u00b7011). In multivariate regressions adjusting for socio-economic differences, vitamin A intake from fortified oil predicted improved retinol status for children aged 6\u201359 months (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0\u00b7003) and 5\u20139 years (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0\u00b703).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S136898001400322X_abs6\" sec-type=\"conclusions\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although this evaluation without a comparison group cannot prove causality, retinyl contents in oil, Recommended Nutrient Intake contributions and relationships between vitamin intake and serum retinol provide strong plausibility of oil fortification impacting vitamin A status in Indonesian women and children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s136898001400322x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,16]],"date-time":"2015-01-16T08:15:16Z","timestamp":1421396116000},"page":"2511-2522","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Vitamin A-fortified cooking oil reduces vitamin A deficiency in infants, young children and women: results from a programme evaluation in Indonesia"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"18","author":[{"family":"Sandjaja","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Idrus","family":"Jus\u2019at","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abas B","family":"Jahari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Ifrad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min Kyaw","family":"Htet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert L","family":"Tilden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Damayanti","family":"Soekarjo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Budi","family":"Utomo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Regina","family":"Moench-Pfanner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Soekirman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eline L","family":"Korenromp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"S136898001400322X_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/PNS2005468"},{"key":"S136898001400322X_ref10","volume-title":"Possibility of Vitamin A Fortification of Cooking Oil in Indonesia: A Feasibility Study Report","author":"Martianto","year":"2005"},{"key":"S136898001400322X_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.076588"},{"key":"S136898001400322X_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/66.1.160","article-title":"Evaluation of biochemical indicators of vitamin A status in breast-feeding and non-breast-feeding Indonesian women","volume":"66","author":"de Pee","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"S136898001400322X_ref9","unstructured":"World Health Organization & Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (2006) Guidelines on Food Fortification with Micronutrients [LH Allen, B De Benoist, O Dary et al., editors]. 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