{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T23:00:56Z","timestamp":1789686056123,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,20]],"date-time":"2015-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1432080000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Nutr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980015001354_abs1\" sec-type=\"general\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To summarize the best available evidence regarding the short- and long-term health effects of cow\u2019s milk intake in healthy, full-term infants up to 3 years of age.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980015001354_abs2\" sec-type=\"general\">\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980015001354_abs3\" sec-type=\"general\">\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We searched MEDLINE (via PubMed), EMBASE and the Cochrane Library between 1960 and July 2013 and manually reviewed reference lists of pertinent articles. Two researchers independently reviewed abstracts and full-text articles and extracted relevant data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980015001354_abs4\" sec-type=\"subjects\">\n                    <jats:title>Subjects<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We included (randomized\/non-randomized) controlled trials and observational studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980015001354_abs5\" sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We included data from twenty-three studies (one randomized controlled trial, four non-randomized controlled trials, eight case\u2013control studies and ten cohort studies) for the evidence synthesis. Pooled results of four studies revealed a higher risk of Fe-deficiency anaemia for infants consuming cow\u2019s milk compared with those consuming follow-on formula (relative risk=3\u00b776; 95 % CI 2\u00b773, 5\u00b719). For type 1 diabetes mellitus, six out of seven case\u2013control studies did not show a difference in the risk of developing this disease based on the age of introduction of cow\u2019s milk. We did not find negative associations for other health effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980015001354_abs6\" sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cow\u2019s milk consumption in infancy is associated with an increased risk of developing Fe-deficiency anaemia. Limiting cow\u2019s milk consumption may be important to ensure an adequate Fe intake for infants and toddlers. High-quality patient information for caregivers is needed on how infants\u2019 Fe requirements can be met.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1368980015001354","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,20]],"date-time":"2015-05-20T05:43:05Z","timestamp":1432100585000},"page":"293-307","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Health effects of cow\u2019s milk consumption in infants up to 3 years of age: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Ursula","family":"Griebler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melanie U","family":"Bruckm\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Kien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Birgit","family":"Dieminger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bettina","family":"Meidlinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katrin","family":"Seper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ariane","family":"Hitthaller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Emprechtinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Wolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerald","family":"Gartlehner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1368980015001354_ref12","volume-title":"Feeding and Nutrition of Infants and Young Children. 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