{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T06:49:10Z","timestamp":1790059750396,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,9]],"date-time":"2015-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1433808000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Nutr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S1368980015001640_abs1\" sec-type=\"general\"><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Previous studies found that developed and developing countries present opposite education\u2013overweight gradients but have not considered the dynamics at different levels of national development. An inverted U-shaped curve is hypothesized to best describe the education\u2013overweight association. It is also hypothesized that as the nutrition transition unfolds within nations the shape of education\u2013overweight curve changes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980015001640_abs2\" sec-type=\"general\"><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Multilevel logistic regression was used to estimate the moderating effect of the nutrition transition at the population level on the education\u2013overweight gradient. At the individual level, a non-linear estimate of the education association was used to assess the optimal functional form of the association across the nutrition transition.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980015001640_abs3\" sec-type=\"general\"><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty-two administrations of the Demographic and Health Survey, collected at different time points across the nutrition transition in nine Latin American\/Caribbean countries.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980015001640_abs4\" sec-type=\"subjects\"><jats:title>Subjects<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mothers of reproductive age (15\u201349 years) in each administration (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>143 258).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980015001640_abs5\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the pooled sample, a non-linear education gradient on mothers\u2019 overweight was found; each additional year of schooling increases the probability of being overweight up to the end of primary schooling, after which each additional year of schooling decreases the probability of overweight. Also, as access to diets high in animal fats and sweeteners increases over time, the curve\u2019s critical point moves to lower education levels, the detrimental positive effect of education diminishes, and both occur as the overall risk of overweight increases with greater access to harmful diets.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980015001640_abs6\" sec-type=\"conclusions\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Both hypotheses were supported. As the nutrition transition progresses, the education\u2013overweight curve shifts steadily to a negative linear association with a higher average risk of overweight; and education, at increasingly lower levels, acts as a \u2018social vaccine\u2019 against increasing risk of overweight. These empirical patterns fit the general \u2018population education transition\u2019 curve hypothesis about how education\u2019s influences on health risks are contextualized across population transitions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1368980015001640","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,10]],"date-time":"2015-06-10T19:00:07Z","timestamp":1433962807000},"page":"3172-3182","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Non-linear education gradient across the nutrition transition: mothers\u2019 overweight and the population education transition"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Haram","family":"Jeon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Salinas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David P","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1368980015001640_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11113-013-9299-0"},{"key":"S1368980015001640_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2007.02.002"},{"key":"S1368980015001640_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2626958"},{"key":"S1368980015001640_ref1","first-page":"1717","volume-title":"Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease","author":"Caballero","year":"2005"},{"key":"S1368980015001640_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0017896912450248"},{"key":"S1368980015001640_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/131.3.871S","article-title":"The nutrition transition and obesity in the developing world","volume":"131","author":"Popkin","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"S1368980015001640_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980012001164"},{"key":"S1368980015001640_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/dem.0.0006"},{"key":"S1368980015001640_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802804"},{"key":"S1368980015001640_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.1997.tb01593.x"},{"key":"S1368980015001640_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2004.tb00086.x"},{"key":"S1368980015001640_ref42","volume-title":"Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods","author":"Bryk","year":"1992"},{"key":"S1368980015001640_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/128.9.1464","article-title":"Obesity in Latin American women and children","volume":"128","author":"Martorell","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"S1368980015001640_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith WC , Salinas D & Baker DP (2012) Multiple effects of education on disease: the intriguing case of HIV\/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa. 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