{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T18:41:29Z","timestamp":1790620889351,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,10]],"date-time":"2015-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441843200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Nutr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S136898001500227X_abs1\" sec-type=\"general\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite documented associations between stunting and cognitive development, few population-level studies have measured both indicators in individual children or assessed stunting\u2019s associations with other developmental domains.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S136898001500227X_abs2\" sec-type=\"general\">\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Meta-analysis using publicly available data from fifteen Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS-4) to assess the association between stunting and development, controlling for maternal education, family wealth, books in the home, developmentally supportive parenting and sex of the child, stratified by country prevalence of breast-feeding (\u2018low BF\u2019&lt;90 %, \u2018high BF\u2019 \u226590 %). Ten-item Early Childhood Development Index (ECDI) scores assessed physical, learning, literacy\/numeracy and socio-emotional developmental domains. Children on track in three or four domains were considered \u2018on-track\u2019 overall.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S136898001500227X_abs3\" sec-type=\"general\">\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fifteen low- and middle-income countries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S136898001500227X_abs4\" sec-type=\"subjects\">\n                    <jats:title>Subjects<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Publically available data from 58 513 children aged 36\u201359 months.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S136898001500227X_abs5\" sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Severe stunting (height-for-age\n                      <jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic>\n                      -score &lt;\u22123) was negatively associated with on-track development (OR=0\u00b775; 95 % CI 0\u00b767, 0\u00b783). Any stunting (\n                      <jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic>\n                      -score &lt;\u22122) was negatively associated with on-track development in countries with high BF prevalence (OR=0\u00b782; 95 % CI 0\u00b775, 0\u00b789). Severe and any stunting were negatively associated with physical development (OR=0\u00b777; 95 % CI 0\u00b766, 0\u00b789 and OR=0\u00b782; 95 % CI 0\u00b774, 0\u00b791, respectively) and literacy\/numeracy development in high BF countries (OR=0\u00b745; 95 % CI 0\u00b738, 0\u00b753 and OR=0\u00b759, 95 % CI 0\u00b751, 0\u00b768, respectively), but not low BF countries (OR=0\u00b793; 95 % CI 0\u00b770, 1\u00b723 and OR=0\u00b795, 95 % CI 0\u00b779, 1\u00b712, respectively). Any stunting was negatively associated with learning (OR=0\u00b779; 95 % CI 0\u00b772, 0\u00b788). There was no clear association between stunting and socio-emotional development.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S136898001500227X_abs6\" sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Stunting is associated with many but not all developmental domains across a diversity of countries and cultures. However, associations varied by country breast-feeding prevalence and developmental domain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s136898001500227x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,10]],"date-time":"2015-09-10T05:42:20Z","timestamp":1441863740000},"page":"1339-1347","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":91,"title":["How consistent are associations between stunting and child development? Evidence from a meta-analysis of associations between stunting and multidimensional child development in fifteen low- and middle-income countries"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6841-9439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ann C","family":"Miller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan B","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dana R","family":"Thomson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary Catherine","family":"Arbour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"S136898001500227X_ref31","unstructured":"Duc LT (2009) The Effect of Early Age Stunting on Cognitive Acheivement Among Children in VietNam. 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