{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T22:33:09Z","timestamp":1785537189098,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,28]],"date-time":"2016-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1480291200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Nutr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S1368980016003049_abs1\" sec-type=\"general\"><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using data from the national micronutrients survey 2011\u20132012, the present study explored the status of subclinical vitamin A nutrition and the underlying determinants in the Bangladeshi population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980016003049_abs2\" sec-type=\"general\"><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>A nationwide cross-sectional study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980016003049_abs3\" sec-type=\"general\"><jats:title>Settings<\/jats:title><jats:p>The survey covered 150 clusters; fifty in each of rural, urban and slum strata.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980016003049_abs4\" sec-type=\"subjects\"><jats:title>Subjects<\/jats:title><jats:p>Three population groups: (i) pre-school age children (6\u201359 months; PSAC); (ii) school age children (6\u201314 years; SAC); and (iii) non-pregnant non-lactating women (15\u201349 years; NPNLW).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980016003049_abs5\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>National prevalence of subclinical vitamin A deficiency was 20\u00b75, 20\u00b78 and 5\u00b73 % in PSAC, SAC and NPNLW, respectively. Slum populations had higher prevalence compared with urban (PSAC: 38\u00b71 <jats:italic>v.<\/jats:italic> 21\u00b72 %, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0\u00b7001; SAC: 27\u00b71 <jats:italic>v.<\/jats:italic> 22\u00b71 %, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0\u00b7004; NPNLW: 6\u00b78 <jats:italic>v.<\/jats:italic> 4\u00b77 %, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0\u00b701). Dietary vitamin A met up to 27\u00b71\u201346\u00b70 % of daily needs; plant-source vitamin A constituted 73\u201387 % of the intakes. Multivariable regression analyses showed that higher consumption of animal foods was associated with higher retinol status in PSAC (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>=0\u00b727; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0\u00b7001); and living in urban area was related to higher retinol status in NPNLW (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>=0\u00b708, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0\u00b7004) and PSAC (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>=0\u00b711, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0\u00b704). Increased intake of leafy vegetables was associated with lower retinol status in SAC (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>=\u22120\u00b708, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0\u00b702). Vitamin A supplementation in PSAC did not significantly influence serum retinol within one year post-supplementation (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&gt;0\u00b705 for differences in <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic> between &lt;3 months <jats:italic>v.<\/jats:italic> 3\u20136 months, 6\u20139 months and 9\u201312 months).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980016003049_abs6\" sec-type=\"conclusions\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prevalence of subclinical vitamin A deficiency was high in children in Bangladesh. Intakes of animal-source foods and leafy vegetables were associated with higher and lower retinol status, respectively. Increased food diversity through animal-source foods is required.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1368980016003049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,28]],"date-time":"2016-11-28T02:18:16Z","timestamp":1480299496000},"page":"1114-1125","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Vitamin A deficiency and determinants of vitamin A status in Bangladeshi children and women: findings of a national survey"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Sabuktagin","family":"Rahman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed Shafiqur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nurul","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"AM Shamsir","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Santhia","family":"Ireen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ireen Akhter","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatima Parveen","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"SM Mustafizur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tahmeed","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1368980016003049_ref53","first-page":"166","article-title":"Validity and reproducibility of a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire for use among pregnant women in rural China","volume":"17","author":"Cheng","year":"2008","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"S1368980016003049_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyu274"},{"key":"S1368980016003049_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2013.02.004"},{"key":"S1368980016003049_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyu275"},{"key":"S1368980016003049_ref43","first-page":"441","article-title":"Relationship among haemoglobin levels, serum retinol level and nutritional status in children aged 6 to 59 months from the state of Para\u00edba, Brazil","volume":"25","author":"Sheila","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev Nutr"},{"key":"S1368980016003049_ref30","first-page":"771","article-title":"Childhood anemia and vitamin A deficiency in rural Bangladesh","volume":"37","author":"Faruque","year":"2006","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health"},{"key":"S1368980016003049_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/24.2.399"},{"key":"S1368980016003049_ref36","volume-title":"Yearbook of Agricultural Statistics 2012","year":"2012"},{"key":"S1368980016003049_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3835(85)90160-0"},{"key":"S1368980016003049_ref10","unstructured":"Helen Keller International\/Institute of Public Health Nutrition (1999) Vitamin A Status Throughout the Life Cycle in Rural Bangladesh. 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