{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T20:38:46Z","timestamp":1790887126968,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,21]],"date-time":"2018-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1516492800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Nutr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S1368980017003901_abs1\" sec-type=\"general\"><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Numerous studies have reported an association between vitamin D (25-hydroxyvitamin D; 25(OH)D) deficiency and low economic status, lower educational level, drugs exposure, smoking and reduced physical activity. Our study analysed the association between sociodemographic factors and 25(OH)D status in Polish (Caucasian) seniors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980017003901_abs2\" sec-type=\"general\"><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cross-sectional study (part of the PolSenior study). Serum 25(OH)D concentration was measured by a solid-phase ELISA method; a standardized questionnaire evaluated educational level, economic status, alcohol consumption, current or past cigarette smoking, physical activity, activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental activities of daily living.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980017003901_abs3\" sec-type=\"general\"><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Community-dwelling randomly selected individuals aged 65 years or older, selected using three-stage stratified, proportional draw.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980017003901_abs4\" sec-type=\"subjects\"><jats:title>Subjects<\/jats:title><jats:p>Seniors (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> 3472; 1658 women and 1814 men).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980017003901_abs5\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mean serum 25(OH)D concentration was 20\u00b75 (<jats:sc>sd<\/jats:sc> 9\u00b76) ng\/ml. Values below the recommended level (30 ng\/ml) were detected in 82\u00b78 % of men and 90\u00b74 % of women. Regression analysis revealed that the difference between sexes was associated with decreased walking activity in women, probably resulting in less sunlight exposure. There was a positive association between any disability in ADL and the presence of vitamin D deficiency\/insufficiency. In the sex-adjusted analysis, older age, alcohol abstinence and lack of cycling and long-distance walking were explanatory variables for vitamin D deficiency.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980017003901_abs6\" sec-type=\"conclusions\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Vitamin D deficiency\/insufficiency is frequent in the older Polish population and associated with functional disability and impaired mobility of seniors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1368980017003901","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,21]],"date-time":"2018-01-21T13:48:59Z","timestamp":1516542539000},"page":"1995-2003","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Socio-economic determinants of vitamin D deficiency in the older Polish population: results from the PolSenior 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