{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T01:52:48Z","timestamp":1790473968338,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,26]],"date-time":"2018-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1522022400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Nutr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S1368980018000575_abs1\" sec-type=\"general\"><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Financial conflicts of interest involving the food industry have been reported to bias nutrition studies. However, some have hypothesized that independently funded studies may be biased if the authors have strong<jats:italic>a priori<\/jats:italic>beliefs about the healthfulness of a food product (\u2018white hat bias\u2019). The extent to which each source of bias may affect the scientific literature has not been examined. We aimed to explore this question with research involving sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) as a test case, focusing on a period during which scientific consensus about the adverse health effects of SSB emerged from uncertainty.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980018000575_abs2\" sec-type=\"general\"><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>PubMed search of worldwide literature was used to identify articles related to SSB and health risks published between 2001 and 2013. Financial relationships and article conclusions were classified by independent groups of co-investigators. Associations were explored by Fischer\u2019s exact tests and regression analyses, controlling for covariates.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980018000575_abs3\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 133 articles published in English met inclusion criteria. The proportion of industry-related scientific studies decreased significantly with time, from approximately 30 % at the beginning of the study period to &lt;5 % towards the end (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0\u00b7003). A \u2018strong\u2019 or \u2018qualified\u2019 scientific conclusion was reached in 82 % of independent<jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>. 7 % of industry-related SSB studies (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0\u00b7001). Industry-related studies were overwhelmingly more likely to reach \u2018weak\/null\u2019 conclusions compared with independent studies regarding the adverse effects of SSB consumption on health (OR=57\u00b730, 95 % CI 7\u00b712, 461\u00b756).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980018000575_abs4\" sec-type=\"conclusion\"><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Industry-related research during a critical period appears biased to underestimate the adverse health effects of SSB, potentially delaying corrective public health action.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1368980018000575","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,26]],"date-time":"2018-03-26T06:04:47Z","timestamp":1522044287000},"page":"2345-2350","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Source of bias in sugar-sweetened beverage research: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Ethan A","family":"Litman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven L","family":"Gortmaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cara B","family":"Ebbeling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David S","family":"Ludwig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1368980018000575_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMhpr0905723"},{"key":"S1368980018000575_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.113.1.152"},{"key":"S1368980018000575_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001578"},{"key":"S1368980018000575_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/49.1.23"},{"key":"S1368980018000575_ref13","volume-title":"Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases. 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