{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T07:58:34Z","timestamp":1768723114705,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,21]],"date-time":"2019-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1558396800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,21]],"date-time":"2019-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1558396800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Nutr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S1368980019000958_as1\"><jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title><jats:p>To describe snacking characteristics and patterns in children and examine associations with diet quality and BMI.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980019000958_as2\"><jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Children\u2019s weight and height were measured. Participants\/adult proxies completed multiple 24 h dietary recalls. Snack occasions were self-identified. Snack patterns were derived for each sample using exploratory factor analysis. Associations of snacking characteristics and patterns with Healthy Eating Index-2010 (HEI-2010) score and BMI were examined using multivariable linear regression models.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980019000958_as3\"><jats:title>Setting:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Childhood Obesity Prevention and Treatment Research (COPTR) Consortium, USA: NET-Works, GROW, GOALS and IMPACT studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980019000958_as4\"><jats:title>Participants:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Predominantly low-income, racial\/ethnic minorities: NET-Works (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>534, 2\u20134-year-olds); GROW (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>610, 3\u20135-year-olds); GOALS (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>241, 7\u201311-year-olds); IMPACT (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>360, 10\u201313-year-olds).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980019000958_as5\"><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Two snack patterns were derived for three studies: a meal-like pattern and a beverage pattern. The IMPACT study had a similar meal-like pattern and a dairy\/grains pattern. A positive association was observed between meal-like pattern adherence and HEI-2010 score (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>for trend &lt; 0\u22c501) and snack occasion frequency and HEI-2010 score (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>coefficient (95 % CI): NET-Works, 0\u22c514 (0\u22c504, 0\u22c523); GROW, 0\u22c512 (0\u22c502, 0\u22c521)) among younger children. A preference for snacking while using a screen was inversely associated with HEI-2010 score in all studies except IMPACT (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>coefficient (95 % CI): NET-Works, \u22123\u22c515 (\u22125\u22c537, \u22120\u22c592); GROW, \u22122\u22c544 (\u22124\u22c527, \u22120\u22c561); GOALS, \u22125\u22c580 (\u22128\u22c574, \u22122\u22c586)). Associations with BMI were almost all null.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980019000958_as6\" sec-type=\"conclusion\"><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Meal-like and beverage patterns described most children\u2019s snack intake, although patterns for non-Hispanic Blacks or adolescents may differ. Diets of 2\u20135-year-olds may benefit from frequent meal-like pattern snack consumption and diets of all children may benefit from decreasing screen use during eating occasions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1368980019000958","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,21]],"date-time":"2019-05-21T12:47:37Z","timestamp":1558442857000},"page":"3189-3199","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Snacking characteristics and patterns and their associations with diet quality and BMI in the Childhood Obesity Prevention and Treatment Research Consortium"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Madison N","family":"LeCroy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kimberly P","family":"Truesdale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donna 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