{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T17:58:23Z","timestamp":1787162303995,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"S1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,7]],"date-time":"2019-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1570406400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Nutr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980019002738_as1\" sec-type=\"other\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To analyse disparities of malnutrition in all its forms by socio-economic indicators in children aged &lt;5 years, adolescent girls and women of reproductive age (WRA).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980019002738_as2\" sec-type=\"other\">\n                    <jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We defined wasting\/underweight, stunting\/short stature, overweight and obesity following the WHO criteria for children aged &lt;5 years, adolescents and WRA. We evaluated the prevalence of malnutrition by wealth status, education level and ethnicity (indigenous\/non-indigenous).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980019002738_as3\" sec-type=\"other\">\n                    <jats:title>Setting:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Guatemalan 2014\u20132015 National Maternal and Child Health Survey.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980019002738_as4\" sec-type=\"other\">\n                    <jats:title>Participants:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Children aged &lt;5 years (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      11 962), adolescent girls aged 15\u201319 years (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      1086) and WRA aged 20\u201349 years (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      11 354).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980019002738_as5\" sec-type=\"other\">\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Stunting\/short stature prevalence among children, adolescents and WRA was 2\u00b78, 2\u00b71 and 2\u00b70 times higher in the poorest compared with the richest; 2\u00b79, 2\u00b79 and 2\u00b71 times higher in the lower educational level than in the highest; and 1\u00b77, 1\u00b77 and 1\u00b76 times higher in the indigenous than in the non-indigenous population. In contrast, overweight\/obesity prevalence among children, adolescents and WRA was 1\u00b76, 2\u00b71 and 1\u00b78 times higher in the richest compared with the poorest; 1\u00b76, 1\u00b73 and 1\u00b73 times higher in the higher educational level than in the lowest; and 1\u00b73, 1\u00b77 and 1\u00b73 times higher in the non-indigenous than in the indigenous population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980019002738_as6\" sec-type=\"other\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Stunting\/short stature is more prevalent among low-income, low-education and indigenous populations in all age groups. In contrast, overweight\/obesity is more prevalent in high-income, high-education and non-indigenous populations in all age groups. These outcomes demonstrate socio-economic and ethnic disparities for malnutrition in all its forms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1368980019002738","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,7]],"date-time":"2019-10-07T05:44:12Z","timestamp":1570427052000},"page":"s68-s76","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Socio-economic and ethnic disparities of malnutrition in all its forms in Guatemala"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2250-3683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"Mazariegos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8631-3101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda F","family":"Kroker-Lobos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Ram\u00edrez-Zea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1368980019002738_ref5","first-page":"138","article-title":"Tackling malnutrition in Latin America and the Caribbean: challenges and opportunities","volume":"40","author":"Galicia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev Panam Salud Publica"},{"key":"S1368980019002738_ref10","volume-title":"VI National Maternal and Child Health Survey 2014\u20132015","year":"2017"},{"key":"S1368980019002738_ref21","volume-title":"Informe Final de Evaluaci\u00f3n de Impacto del Plan Hambre Cero","year":"2016"},{"key":"S1368980019002738_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/03014460.2015.1136356"},{"key":"S1368980019002738_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30204-8"},{"key":"S1368980019002738_ref4","first-page":"9","article-title":"Progress in reducing inequalities in reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health in Latin America and the Caribbean: an unfinished agenda","volume":"38","author":"Restrepo-M\u00e9ndez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev Panam Salud Publica"},{"key":"S1368980019002738_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60813-1"},{"key":"S1368980019002738_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60996-4"},{"key":"S1368980019002738_ref9","unstructured":"9. Congreso de la Rep\u00fablica de Guatemala (2018) Iniciativa de ley de promoci\u00f3n de alimentaci\u00f3n saludable. https:\/\/republica.gt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/ley-de-promoci%C3%B3n-de-alimentaci%C3%B3n-saludable.pdf (accessed May 2019)."},{"key":"S1368980019002738_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61378-6"},{"key":"S1368980019002738_ref11","volume-title":"Handbook on Health Inequality Monitoring with a Special Focus on Low-and-Middle Income Countries","year":"2013"},{"key":"S1368980019002738_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.07.043497"},{"key":"S1368980019002738_ref14","first-page":"281","article-title":"The variance of a linear combination of independent estimators using estimated weights.","volume":"102","author":"Rubin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"S1368980019002738_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxy138"},{"key":"S1368980019002738_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60843-0"},{"key":"S1368980019002738_ref7","volume-title":"Pol\u00edtica Nacional de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional","year":"2008"},{"key":"S1368980019002738_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61514-0"},{"key":"S1368980019002738_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68808-9"},{"key":"S1368980019002738_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12572"},{"key":"S1368980019002738_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(19)30026-9"},{"key":"S1368980019002738_ref16","volume-title":"Intervenciones y Opciones de Pol\u00edticas para Cobatir la Desnutrici\u00f3n en Guatemala","author":"Martorell","year":"2012"},{"key":"S1368980019002738_ref8","unstructured":"8. 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