{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T12:04:22Z","timestamp":1779883462174,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"S1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,3]],"date-time":"2019-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575331200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Public Health Nutr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S136898001900315X_as1\" sec-type=\"other\"><jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title><jats:p>To compare the distribution of malnutrition by socio-economic indicators (SEI) in Peruvian children under 5\u00a0years and women of reproductive age (WRA).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S136898001900315X_as2\" sec-type=\"other\"><jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title><jats:p>We analysed data from the National Demographic and Family Health Survey. WHO criteria were used to define malnutrition indicators (overweight\/obesity combined (OW); wasting\/underweight; stunting\/short stature; anaemia). Linear combination test was used to compare the prevalence of malnutrition by SEI (wealth index as a proxy of socio-economic status (SES); education; ethnicity). Prevalence ratio (PR) was used to describe disparities and associations between malnutrition and SEI.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S136898001900315X_as3\" sec-type=\"other\"><jats:title>Setting:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Peru (2015).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S136898001900315X_as4\" sec-type=\"other\"><jats:title>Participants:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Children (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> 22 833) under 5\u00a0years and WRA (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> 33 503; 5008 adolescents and 28 495 adults).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S136898001900315X_as5\" sec-type=\"other\"><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The most prevalent form of malnutrition was anaemia (32\u00b70 %) in children and OW in adolescent and adult WRA (31\u00b73 and 65\u00b71 %, respectively). Adjusted models showed that stunting and anaemia were significantly lower among children with high SES (PR = 0\u00b725, 0\u00b767), high-educated mothers (PR = 0\u00b726, 0\u00b776) and higher in indigenous children (PR = 1\u00b73, 1\u00b72); conversely, OW was higher among those with high SES and high-educated mothers (PR = 1\u00b78, 1\u00b76) compared with their lowest counterparts. In WRA, stunting\/short stature was lower among those with high SES, high education and higher in indigenous adult women. OW in adolescents and adults was higher in high SES (PR = 1\u00b74, 1\u00b71), lower in indigenous adult women (PR = 0\u00b784) and lower in high-educated adult women (PR = 0\u00b786).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S136898001900315X_as6\" sec-type=\"other\"><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the studied population, the distribution of malnutrition was associated with SEI disparities. Effective policies that integrate actions to overcome the double burden of malnutrition and reduce disparities are needed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s136898001900315x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,3]],"date-time":"2019-12-03T11:43:16Z","timestamp":1575373396000},"page":"s89-s100","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Malnutrition in all its forms and socio-economic disparities in children under 5 years of age and women of reproductive age in Peru"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2233-8251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine","family":"Curi-Quinto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3141-210X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Ortiz-Panozo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"L\u00f3pez de Roma\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"S136898001900315X_ref49","volume-title":"Resoluci\u00f3n Ministerial 249-2017: Plan Nacional para la Reducci\u00f3n y Control de la Anemia Materno Infantil y la Desnutrici\u00f3n Cr\u00f3nica Infantil en el Per\u00fa (2017\u20132021).","year":"2017"},{"key":"S136898001900315X_ref47","volume-title":"Un Gordo Problema: Sobrepeso y Obesidad en el Per\u00fa","year":"2012"},{"key":"S136898001900315X_ref46","first-page":"2015","article-title":"The double burden of malnutrition: a threat for Peruvian childhood","volume":"31","author":"Torres","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gac Sanit"},{"key":"S136898001900315X_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0147746"},{"key":"S136898001900315X_ref39","volume-title":"Obesity and Poverty: A New Public Health Challenge","author":"Pe\u00f1a","year":"2000"},{"key":"S136898001900315X_ref37","first-page":"96","article-title":"Assessing equitable care for indigenous and Afrodescendant women in Latin America","volume":"38","author":"Castro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev Panam Salud Publica"},{"key":"S136898001900315X_ref12","volume-title":"Factores Socioecon\u00f3micos que Explican las Desigualdades Nutricionales de nuestros Ni\u00f1os. \u00bfPor D\u00f3nde hay que Atacar?","author":"Mesinas","year":"2009"},{"key":"S136898001900315X_ref36","unstructured":"36. Organizaci\u00f3n Panamericana de la Salud (2017) Determinantes sociales de la salud en la Regi\u00f3n de las Am\u00e9ricas. https:\/\/www.paho.org\/salud-en-las-americas\/ (accessed October 2019)."},{"key":"S136898001900315X_ref28","unstructured":"28. stata.com (2013) lincom \u2013 Linear combinations of estimators. https:\/\/www.stata.com\/manuals13\/rlincom.pdf (accessed October 2019)."},{"key":"S136898001900315X_ref30","first-page":"303","article-title":"Sobrepeso y obesidad: prevalencia y determinantes sociales del exceso de peso en la poblaci\u00f3n peruana (2009\u20132010)","volume":"29","author":"Alvarez-Dongo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica"},{"key":"S136898001900315X_ref19","unstructured":"19. Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica e Inform\u00e1tica (2011) Manual de la antropometrista. http:\/\/iinei.inei.gob.pe\/iinei\/srienaho\/Descarga\/DocumentosMetodologicos\/2011-5\/ManualAntropometrista.pdf (accessed June 2017)."},{"key":"S136898001900315X_ref26","volume-title":"Etnicidad, Antecedentes Lingu\u00edsticos y la Salud Materno Infantil en el Per\u00fa","author":"Valdivia","year":"2007"},{"key":"S136898001900315X_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k2252"},{"key":"S136898001900315X_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0092550"},{"key":"S136898001900315X_ref9","volume-title":"Hambre y Desigualdad en los Paises Andinos: La Desnutrici\u00f3n y la Vulnerabilidad Alimentaria en Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador y Per\u00fa","year":"2005"},{"key":"S136898001900315X_ref42","volume-title":"The Effects of Maternal Employment on Childhood Obesity in the United States","author":"Araneo","year":"2008"},{"key":"S136898001900315X_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(16)00085-1"},{"key":"S136898001900315X_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)71146-6"},{"key":"S136898001900315X_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-017-0790-3"},{"key":"S136898001900315X_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8709.2011.00349.x"},{"key":"S136898001900315X_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60937-X"},{"key":"S136898001900315X_ref3","volume-title":"El Costo de la Doble Carga de Malnutrici\u00f3n: Impacto Social y Econ\u00f3mico. S\u00edntesis del Estudio Piloto en Chile, Ecuador y M\u00e9xico","year":"2017"},{"key":"S136898001900315X_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/62.3.708"},{"key":"S136898001900315X_ref8","first-page":"82","article-title":"Anemia en Latinoamerica y el Caribe","volume":"36","author":"Devaux","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pan Am Health Organ"},{"key":"S136898001900315X_ref21","volume-title":"ECOG eBook on Child and Adolescent Obesity","author":"De Onis","year":"2015"},{"key":"S136898001900315X_ref4","first-page":"261","article-title":"Desigualdades en salud: definiciones, conceptos y teor\u00edas","volume":"38","author":"Arcaya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pan Am J Public Health"},{"key":"S136898001900315X_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-7435(03)00159-2"},{"key":"S136898001900315X_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21149\/spm.v55s2.5111"},{"key":"S136898001900315X_ref22","unstructured":"22. World Health Organization (2014) Concentraciones de hemoglobina para diagnosticar la anemia y evaluar su gravedad. http:\/\/www.who.int\/vmnis\/indicators\/haemoglobin\/es\/ (accessed June 2015)."},{"key":"S136898001900315X_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2011.288"},{"key":"S136898001900315X_ref32","first-page":"104","article-title":"Desnutrici\u00f3n infantil en menores de cinco a\u00f1os en Per\u00fa: tendencias y factores determinantes","volume":"35","author":"Sobrino","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev Panam Salud Publica"},{"key":"S136898001900315X_ref2","volume-title":"Informe sobre Equidad en Salud: Un An\u00e1lisis de las Inequidades en Salud Reproductiva, Materna, Neonatal, de la Ni\u00f1ez y de la Adolescencia en Am\u00e9rica Latina y el Caribe para Guiar la Formulaci\u00f3n de Pol\u00edticas","year":"2016"},{"key":"S136898001900315X_ref35","volume-title":"Desnutrici\u00f3n Infantil en Am\u00e9rica Latina y el Caribe","year":"2006"},{"key":"S136898001900315X_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60827-8"},{"key":"S136898001900315X_ref10","volume-title":"Comportamiento de Indicadores de Nutrici\u00f3n en el Per\u00fa: Monitoreo Nacional de Indicadores Nutricionales 2002\u20132004","author":"Secl\u00e9n","year":"2007"},{"key":"S136898001900315X_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2012.01017.x"},{"key":"S136898001900315X_ref31","unstructured":"31. UNICEF, World Health Organization & World Bank (2018) Joint child malnutrition estimates \u2013 Levels and trends (2018 edition). https:\/\/www.who.int\/nutgrowthdb\/estimates2017\/en\/ (accessed October 2019)."},{"key":"S136898001900315X_ref5","unstructured":"5. Banco Mundial (2015) Per\u00fa Panorama General. http:\/\/www.bancomundial.org\/es\/country\/peru\/ (accessed June 2017)."},{"key":"S136898001900315X_ref40","volume-title":"Underweight, Short Stature, and Overweight in Adolescents and Young Women in Latin America and the Caribbean","year":"2011"},{"key":"S136898001900315X_ref33","first-page":"49","article-title":"Health and nutrition of indigenous and non-indigenous children in the Peruvian Amazon","volume":"38","author":"D\u00edaz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pan Am J Public Health"},{"key":"S136898001900315X_ref15","first-page":"104","article-title":"Nutrition situation in Latin America and the Caribbean: current scenario, past trends, and data gaps","volume":"40","author":"Galicia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pan Am J Public Health"},{"key":"S136898001900315X_ref20","volume-title":"Procedimiento para la Determinaci\u00f3n de la Hemoglobina mediante Hemoglobin\u00f3metro Port\u00e1til","author":"Jordan","year":"2013"},{"key":"S136898001900315X_ref17","unstructured":"17. Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica e Inform\u00e1tica (2016) Microdatos: Base de datos. http:\/\/iinei.inei.gob.pe\/microdatos\/ (accessed June 2015)."},{"key":"S136898001900315X_ref48","volume-title":"Standing Tall: Peru\u2019s Success in Overcoming Its Stunting Crisis","author":"Rokx","year":"2017"},{"key":"S136898001900315X_ref18","unstructured":"18. Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica e Inform\u00e1tica (2018) Encuesta demogr\u00e1fica y de Salud Familiar 2015\u20132017. https:\/\/proyectos.inei.gob.pe\/endes\/documentos.asp (accessed June 2018)."},{"key":"S136898001900315X_ref25","volume-title":"Hemoglobin Data in DHS Surveys: Intrinsic Variation and Measurement Error","author":"Pullum","year":"2017"},{"key":"S136898001900315X_ref50","volume-title":"Per\u00fa Encuesta Demogr\u00e1fica y de Salud Familiar\u2013ENDES Continua 2009","year":"2010"},{"key":"S136898001900315X_ref51","volume-title":"Resoluci\u00f3n Ministerial 728-2017: Conforman comit\u00e9 de expertos en nutrici\u00f3n de la direcci\u00f3n de promoci\u00f3n de la salud","year":"2017"},{"key":"S136898001900315X_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32479-0"},{"key":"S136898001900315X_ref23","volume-title":"AnthroPlus for Personal Computers Manual Software for Assessing Growth of the World\u2019s Children and Adolescents","year":"2009"},{"key":"S136898001900315X_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.7059"},{"key":"S136898001900315X_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0379572118769265"}],"container-title":["Public Health Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S136898001900315X","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,9]],"date-time":"2020-09-09T08:00:48Z","timestamp":1599638448000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S136898001900315X\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,3]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"S1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S136898001900315X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s136898001900315x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1368-9800","1475-2727"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1368-9800","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-2727","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,3]]}}}