{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T08:25:54Z","timestamp":1760171154381,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,10]],"date-time":"2020-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1578614400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Public Health Nutr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S1368980019003367_as1\" sec-type=\"other\"><jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title><jats:p>To analyse how much the intake of <jats:italic>trans<\/jats:italic>-fatty acids (TFA), an important dietary risk factor for CVD, changed among US children and adolescents over a period of time when food regulations that reduced the presence of TFA in the food supply were enacted.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980019003367_as2\" sec-type=\"other\"><jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Regression models were used to estimate changes in levels of TFA in plasma and other CVD risk factors among US children and adolescents from 1999\u20132000 to 2009\u20132010.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980019003367_as3\" sec-type=\"other\"><jats:title>Setting:<\/jats:title><jats:p>USA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980019003367_as4\" sec-type=\"other\"><jats:title>Participants:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nationally representative sample of children (aged 6\u201311 years) and adolescents (aged 12\u201319 years) who participated in the 1999\u20132000 and 2009\u20132010 cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980019003367_as5\" sec-type=\"other\"><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Levels of plasma TFA declined significantly by an average of 61\u00b79 % from 1999\u20132000 to 2009\u20132010. The average decline in a TFA commonly found in partially hydrogenated oils (elaidic acid, 67\u00b72 %) was larger than the average decline in a TFA naturally occurring in ruminant animals (vaccenic acid, 60\u00b75 %). Significant improvements in a variety of other CVD risk factors (LDL- and HDL-cholesterol, TAG, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, C-reactive protein) were also observed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980019003367_as6\" sec-type=\"other\"><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Between the two time points, 1999\u20132000 and 2009\u20132010, there were substantial decreases in plasma TFA levels and improvements in several other important CVD risk factors in the population of US children and adolescents.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1368980019003367","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,10]],"date-time":"2020-01-10T05:10:16Z","timestamp":1578633016000},"page":"1103-1107","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Intake of <i>trans<\/i>-fats among US youth declined from 1999\u20132000 to 2009\u20132010"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8005-4839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brandon J","family":"Restrepo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1368980019003367_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602973"},{"volume-title":"Health, United States, 2017: With Special Feature on Mortality","year":"2018","key":"S1368980019003367_ref4"},{"key":"S1368980019003367_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31083-3"},{"key":"S1368980019003367_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra054035"},{"key":"S1368980019003367_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.123646"},{"key":"S1368980019003367_ref16","unstructured":"16. World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe (2014) European Food and Nutrition Action Plan 2015\u20132020. http:\/\/www.euro.who.int\/en\/publications\/abstracts\/european-food-and-nutrition-action-plan-20152020-2014 (accessed March 2019)."},{"key":"S1368980019003367_ref2","unstructured":"2. European Commission (2015) Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council regarding trans fats in foods and in the overall diet of the Union population. http:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/food\/safety\/docs\/fs_labelling-nutrition_trans-fats-report_en.pdf (accessed March 2019)."},{"key":"S1368980019003367_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2016.303524"},{"key":"S1368980019003367_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.116.245597"},{"key":"S1368980019003367_ref7","first-page":"346","article-title":"Trans fat intake in children: risks and recommendations","volume":"35","author":"Bauer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr Nurs"},{"key":"S1368980019003367_ref9","unstructured":"9. National Restaurant Association (2013) State and Local Enacted Trans Fat Bans. https:\/\/www.restaurant.org\/downloads\/pdfs\/advocacy\/maps\/map_transfat.pdf (accessed March 2019)."},{"key":"S1368980019003367_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.16.189795"},{"key":"S1368980019003367_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2018.304930"},{"key":"S1368980019003367_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2014.01.005"},{"key":"S1368980019003367_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e31820a55f5"},{"key":"S1368980019003367_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2015.09.005"},{"key":"S1368980019003367_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5888\/pcd13.160211"}],"container-title":["Public Health Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1368980019003367","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,19]],"date-time":"2020-03-19T10:02:16Z","timestamp":1584612136000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1368980019003367\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,10]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S1368980019003367"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1368980019003367","relation":{},"ISSN":["1368-9800","1475-2727"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1368-9800"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1475-2727"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,10]]}}}