{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T14:54:46Z","timestamp":1787496886688,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"S1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,11]],"date-time":"2020-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583884800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Public Health Nutr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980019003896_as1\" sec-type=\"other\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To estimate the prevalence of malnutrition (undernutrition and excess BMI) among children under the age of 5 years and women of reproductive age in Bolivia considering three socioeconomic indicators: wealth, education and ethnicity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980019003896_as2\" sec-type=\"other\">\n                    <jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used the 2008 nationally representative Bolivian Demographic and Health Survey (DHS). Malnutrition\u2019s prevalence was estimated by wealth, ethnicity and educational level. Wealth index was measured based on the DHS methodology and nutritional status by using WHO standards and indicators. Education level (EL) was categorized by years of formal education.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980019003896_as3\" sec-type=\"other\">\n                    <jats:title>Setting:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Bolivia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980019003896_as4\" sec-type=\"other\">\n                    <jats:title>Participants:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In total, 5\u00b7903 children &lt;5 years, 3\u00b7345 adolescent women (15\u201319 years) and 12\u00b7297 women (20\u201349 years) with available information on anthropometric measurements\u00b7<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980019003896_as5\" sec-type=\"other\">\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A disproportionate prevalence of malnutrition was observed among different wealth groups: lower wealth tertiles show the higher prevalence of stunting (&gt;30 %) and anaemia (&gt;40 %) in all ages\u00b7 The prevalence of overweight and obesity tends to rise with age from childhood (10\u00b702\u201311\u00b760) to adolescence (27\u00b79\u201331\u00b703), reaching highest levels in women of reproductive age (56\u00b702\u201357\u00b776). According to wealth tertiles, higher prevalence of overweight and obesity was found in children of high tertile (12\u00b723), adolescent women of low (32\u00b756) and adult women of medium tertile (63\u00b708).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980019003896_as6\" sec-type=\"other\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The present study shows that currently Bolivia is in a transitional stage, faces not only the problem of undernutrition but also those of overnutrition, showing strong inequalities according to socioeconomic and education status. This study calls for state-specific policies keeping in view of the nature of inequality in malnutrition in the country and its differential characteristics across wealth status.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1368980019003896","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,11]],"date-time":"2020-03-11T05:50:22Z","timestamp":1583905822000},"page":"s21-s28","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Malnutrition in all its forms and socioeconomic status in Bolivia"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"M","family":"Miranda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Bento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"AM","family":"Aguilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1368980019003896_ref18","volume-title":"Report of the Commission Ending Childhood Obesity","year":"2016"},{"key":"S1368980019003896_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1596\/978-1-4648-0420-5"},{"key":"S1368980019003896_ref24","first-page":"339","article-title":"Overview of the thrifty genotype hypothesis","volume":"4","author":"O\u2019Dea","year":"1995","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"S1368980019003896_ref17","unstructured":"17. Unidad de An\u00e1lisis de Pol\u00edticas Sociales y Econ\u00f3micas (UDAPE) (2012) Encuesta de Evaluaci\u00f3n de Salud y Nutrici\u00f3n. ESNUT. La Paz, Bolivia: Ministerio de Salud y Deportes. http:\/\/www.udape.gob.bo\/portales_html\/docsociales\/Libroesnut.pdf (accessed 12 May 2018)."},{"key":"S1368980019003896_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.07.043497"},{"key":"S1368980019003896_ref14","volume-title":"WHO Child Growth Standards","author":"de Onis","year":"2007"},{"key":"S1368980019003896_ref25","first-page":"352","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus a \u2018thrifty\u2019 genotype rendered detrimental by \u2018progress\u2019?","volume":"14","author":"Neel","year":"1962","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"S1368980019003896_ref8","unstructured":"8. Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica (1989) Encuesta Nacional de Demograf\u00eda y Salud. ENDSA. 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UNICEF (2012) Bolivia nutrition. https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/bolivia\/06_UNICEF_Bolivia_CK_-_concept_note_-_Nutrition_low.pdf (accessed January 2019)."},{"key":"S1368980019003896_ref12","first-page":"3","article-title":"Obesidad infantil en Bolivia","volume":"51","author":"Aguilar Liendo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bol Ped"},{"key":"S1368980019003896_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-10-158"},{"key":"S1368980019003896_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2006.213"},{"key":"S1368980019003896_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN20051661"},{"key":"S1368980019003896_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0271-5317(98)00152-3"},{"key":"S1368980019003896_ref13","first-page":"1884","article-title":"Prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad en ni\u00f1os y adolescentes de Cochabamba (Bolivia); estudio transversal","volume":"28","author":"Masuet-Aumatell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutr Hosp"},{"key":"S1368980019003896_ref6","unstructured":"6. Cruz-Saco, MA (2018) Indigenous Communities and Social Inclusion in Latin America. New York: United Nations Expert Group Meeting on Families and Inclusive Societies."},{"key":"S1368980019003896_ref26","unstructured":"26. Perez-Cueto, A , Velasco, F , Almaza, M et al. (2005) Tracking the nutritional transition in Bolivia; a descriptive study. In Research in Applied Nutrition in Developing Countries: Challenges and Expectations; International Symposium, Brussels, 3 December, 2004 (blz. 63\u201374). Brussels: Royal Academy of Overseas Sciences; [s.l.]: Nutrition Third World."},{"key":"S1368980019003896_ref9","unstructured":"9. Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica (1994) Encuesta Nacional de Demograf\u00eda y Salud. ENDSA. La Paz, Bolivia: Ministerio de Salud y Deportes."}],"container-title":["Public Health Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1368980019003896","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,9]],"date-time":"2020-09-09T03:59:20Z","timestamp":1599623960000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1368980019003896\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,11]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"S1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S1368980019003896"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1368980019003896","relation":{},"ISSN":["1368-9800","1475-2727"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1368-9800","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-2727","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,11]]}}}