{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T10:28:20Z","timestamp":1742380100402},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,2]],"date-time":"2020-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585785600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Public Health Nutr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S1368980019004099_as1\" sec-type=\"other\"><jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Body fat distribution may be a stronger predictor of metabolic risk than BMI. Yet, few studies have investigated secular changes in body fat distribution in middle-income countries or how those changes vary by socioeconomic status (SES). This study evaluated changes in body fat distribution by SES in Colombia, a middle-income country where BMI is increasing rapidly.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980019004099_as2\" sec-type=\"other\"><jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title><jats:p>We applied factor analysis to previously published data to assess secular changes in adiposity and body fat distribution in cross-sectional samples of urban Colombian women. Anthropometry was used to assess weight, height and skinfolds (biceps, triceps, subscapular, suprailiac, thigh, calf).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980019004099_as3\" sec-type=\"other\"><jats:title>Setting:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cali, Colombia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980019004099_as4\" sec-type=\"other\"><jats:title>Participants:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Women (18\u201344 years) in 1988\u20131989 (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> 1533) and 2007\u20132009 (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> 577) from three SES groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980019004099_as5\" sec-type=\"other\"><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>We identified an overall adiposity factor, which increased between 1988\u20131989 and 2007\u20132008 in all SES groups, particularly in the middle SES group. We also identified arm, leg and trunk adiposity factors. In all SES groups, leg adiposity decreased, while trunk and arm adiposity increased.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980019004099_as6\" sec-type=\"other\"><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Factor analysis highlighted three trends that were not readily visible in BMI data and variable-by-variable analysis of skinfolds: (i) overall adiposity increased between time periods in all SES groups; (ii) the adiposity increase was driven by a shift from lower body to upper body; (iii) the adiposity increase was greatest in the middle SES group. Factor analysis provided novel insights into secular changes and socioeconomic variation in body fat distribution during a period of rapid economic development in a middle-income country.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1368980019004099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,2]],"date-time":"2020-04-02T06:19:32Z","timestamp":1585808372000},"page":"1320-1328","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Shift in body fat distribution from lower body to upper body among urban Colombian women, 1988\u20131989 to 2007\u20132008"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Richard L","family":"Bender","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Traci A","family":"Bekelman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul 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