{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T15:49:14Z","timestamp":1791560954891,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,19]],"date-time":"2020-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584576000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Public Health Nutr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S1368980019004312_as1\" sec-type=\"other\"><jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title><jats:p>We investigated the determinants of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [S-25(OH)D] and dietary vitamin D sources among three immigrant groups in Finland and compared their S-25(OH)D to the general Finnish population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980019004312_as2\" sec-type=\"other\"><jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cross-sectional population-based Migrant Health and Wellbeing Study and the nationally representative Finnish Health 2011 Survey. S-25(OH)D was standardised according to the Vitamin D Standardisation Program. Vitamin D sources were assessed by interview.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980019004312_as3\" sec-type=\"other\"><jats:title>Setting:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Six different municipalities in Finland (60\u00b0\u201363\u00b0N).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980019004312_as4\" sec-type=\"other\"><jats:title>Participants:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Immigrants aged 18\u201364 years (446 Russians, 346 Somalis, 500 Kurds), 798 Finns aged 30\u201364 years.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980019004312_as5\" sec-type=\"other\"><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The mean of S-25(OH)D was 64 (95 % CI 62, 66), 44 (95 % CI 41, 46), 35 (95 % CI 34, 37) and 64 (95 % CI 62, 66) nmol\/l for Russians, Somalis, Kurds and Finns, respectively. S-25(OH)D among Somalis and Kurds was lower compared with Finns (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0\u00b7001). The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (S-25(OH)D &lt;30 nmol\/l) and insufficiency (S-25(OH)D &lt;50 nmol\/l) was higher among immigrants than Finns (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0\u00b7001). Vitamin D-rich foods differed between the groups; vitamin D-fortified fat spread consumption was higher among Somalis (91 %) than among Russians (73 %) and Kurds (60 %); fish was less consumed among Kurds (17 %) than among Russians (43 %) and Somalis (38 %); and 57 % Russians, 56 % Kurds and 36 % Somalis consumed vitamin D-fortified dairy daily (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0\u00b7001 for all). Daily smoking, alcohol consumption and winter blood sampling were determinants of vitamin D insufficiency (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2264 0\u00b703). Older age, physical activity, fish and vitamin D-fortified dairy consumption were associated with lower odds of insufficiency (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2264 0\u00b704).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980019004312_as6\" sec-type=\"other\"><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Vitamin D status differed among immigrant groups and the determinants are, to some degree, associated with learned or existing cultural behaviours.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1368980019004312","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,19]],"date-time":"2020-03-19T07:12:08Z","timestamp":1584601928000},"page":"1254-1265","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Prevalence and determinants of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency among three immigrant groups in Finland: evidence from a population-based study using standardised 25-hydroxyvitamin D data"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8263-1735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Folasade A","family":"Adebayo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1635-8229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suvi T","family":"Itkonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eero","family":"Lilja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tuija","family":"J\u00e4\u00e4skel\u00e4inen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annamari","family":"Lundqvist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiina","family":"Laatikainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P\u00e4ivikki","family":"Koponen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin D","family":"Cashman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6966-1523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maijaliisa","family":"Erkkola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7326-1904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christel","family":"Lamberg-Allardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1368980019004312_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(95)00551-X"},{"key":"S1368980019004312_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114516001227"},{"key":"S1368980019004312_ref46","unstructured":"46. 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