{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T01:02:53Z","timestamp":1791248573850,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"S1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,5]],"date-time":"2020-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583366400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Public Health Nutr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S1368980019004439_as1\" sec-type=\"other\"><jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title><jats:p>To assess the relationship between malnutrition, socioeconomic status (SES) and ethnicity in Chilean adult population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980019004439_as2\" sec-type=\"other\"><jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nationally representative survey (ENS) conducted in 2016\u20132017. Sociodemographic information, weight, height and hemoglobin (Hb) were measured (2003 ENS). Excess weight was defined as BMI \u226525 kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>. Undernutrition included underweight (BMI &lt;18\u00b75 kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>), short stature (height &lt;1\u00b749 m in women and &lt;1\u00b762 m in men) or anaemia (Hb &lt;12 g\/l). Education and household income level were used as indicators of SES; ethnicity was self-reported. We applied linear combinations of estimators to compare the prevalence of excess weight and undernutrition by SES and ethnicity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980019004439_as3\" sec-type=\"other\"><jats:title>Setting:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chile.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980019004439_as4\" sec-type=\"other\"><jats:title>Participants:<\/jats:title><jats:p>In total, 5082 adults \u226520 years (64 % women) and 1739 women \u226520 years for anaemia analyses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980019004439_as5\" sec-type=\"other\"><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall, &gt;75 % of women and men had excess weight. Low SES women either by income or education had higher excess weight ((82\u00b70 (77\u00b71, 86\u00b71) <jats:italic>v.<\/jats:italic> 65\u00b70 (54\u00b78, 74\u00b71)) by income; (85\u00b73 (80\u00b76, 89\u00b70) <jats:italic>v.<\/jats:italic> 68\u00b72 (61\u00b76, 74\u00b71) %) by education) and short stature (20\u201349 years; 31(17\u00b79, 48\u00b72) <jats:italic>v.<\/jats:italic> 5\u00b72 (2\u00b72,11\u00b74) by education); obesity was also more frequent among indigenous women (20\u201349 years; 55\u00b78 (44\u00b74, 66\u00b76) <jats:italic>v.<\/jats:italic> 37\u00b72 (32\u00b77, 42\u00b70) %) than non-indigenous women. In men, excess weight did not significantly differ by SES or ethnicity, but short stature concentrated in low SES (20\u201349 years; 47\u00b76 (24\u00b76, 71\u00b76) <jats:italic>v.<\/jats:italic> 4\u00b75 (2\u00b71, 9\u00b75) by education) and indigenous men (21\u00b75 (11\u00b79, 5\u00b75, 11\u00b79) <jats:italic>v.<\/jats:italic> 8\u00b72 (5\u00b75, 11\u00b79)) (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0\u00b705 for all).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980019004439_as6\" sec-type=\"other\"><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>In Chile, malnutrition is disproportionately concentrated among women of low SES and indigenous origin; these inequalities should be considered when implementing prevention policies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1368980019004439","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,5]],"date-time":"2020-03-05T07:42:29Z","timestamp":1583394149000},"page":"s39-s50","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Nutrition status in adult Chilean population: economic, ethnic and sex inequalities in a post-transitional country"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Mar\u00eda F","family":"Mujica-Coopman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"Navarro-Rosenblatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4312-1318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"L\u00f3pez-Arana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camila","family":"Corval\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1368980019004439_ref28","unstructured":"28. The Chilean\u00a0National Institute of Statistics (INE) (2017) Census."},{"key":"S1368980019004439_ref41","article-title":"Interventions to improve water quality and supply, sanitation and hygiene practices, and their effects on the nutritional status of children","volume":"8","author":"Dangour","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"S1368980019004439_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/an.112.002063"},{"key":"S1368980019004439_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-709080-1.50031-3"},{"key":"S1368980019004439_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60460-8"},{"key":"S1368980019004439_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2014.86"},{"key":"S1368980019004439_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-709080-1.50028-3"},{"key":"S1368980019004439_ref17","article-title":"Poverty, inequality and employment in Chile","author":"Gammage","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Labour Office (ILO). Conditions of Work and Employment Series, Geneva"},{"key":"S1368980019004439_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2012.64"},{"key":"S1368980019004439_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0191929"},{"key":"S1368980019004439_ref2","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Preventive Nutrition","author":"Willett","year":"1997"},{"key":"S1368980019004439_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0379572115585775"},{"key":"S1368980019004439_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1301\/nr.2004.jul.S140-S143"},{"key":"S1368980019004439_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11071695"},{"key":"S1368980019004439_ref1","first-page":"492","article-title":"Recent infant mortality rate in Chile: successes and challenges","volume":"77","author":"Kaempffer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev Chil Pediatr"},{"key":"S1368980019004439_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2017.07.010"},{"key":"S1368980019004439_ref9","year":"2019"},{"key":"S1368980019004439_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-108X(200101)29:1<80::AID-EAT13>3.0.CO;2-O"},{"key":"S1368980019004439_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60937-X"},{"key":"S1368980019004439_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.116.151126"},{"key":"S1368980019004439_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2013.12.008"},{"key":"S1368980019004439_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.02.006"},{"key":"S1368980019004439_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.114.083790"},{"key":"S1368980019004439_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JOYO.0000037634.18749.20"},{"key":"S1368980019004439_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12062"},{"key":"S1368980019004439_ref35","volume-title":"Haemoglobin Concentrations for the Diagnosis of Anaemia and Assessment of Severity","author":"Chan","year":"2011"},{"key":"S1368980019004439_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuv105"},{"key":"S1368980019004439_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-36342009000300008"},{"key":"S1368980019004439_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2001.tb07008.x"},{"key":"S1368980019004439_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11030682"},{"key":"S1368980019004439_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S136898000700050X"},{"key":"S1368980019004439_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1614362","article-title":"Health effects of overweight and obesity in 195 countries over 25 years","volume":"377","author":"Afshin","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"S1368980019004439_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-018-0927-8"},{"key":"S1368980019004439_ref7","unstructured":"7. Chilean Ministry of Health. 2016\u20132017 II National Health Survey. https:\/\/www.minsal.cl\/portal\/ (accessed June 2019)."},{"key":"S1368980019004439_ref10","unstructured":"10. Chilean Ministry of Health. 2003 I National Health Survey. https:\/\/www.minsal.cl\/portal\/ (accessed June 2019)."},{"key":"S1368980019004439_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12571"},{"key":"S1368980019004439_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980013000098"},{"key":"S1368980019004439_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0163727"},{"key":"S1368980019004439_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyl160"},{"key":"S1368980019004439_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.114.083766"},{"key":"S1368980019004439_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.114.083857"},{"key":"S1368980019004439_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.114.083808"},{"key":"S1368980019004439_ref18","first-page":"19","article-title":"Economic growth in Chile: evidence, sources and perspectives","volume":"98","author":"De Gregorio","year":"2005","journal-title":"Estud p\u00fablicos"},{"key":"S1368980019004439_ref19","unstructured":"19. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development\u00a0 (OECD) (2015) In it together. Why less inequality benefits all. Overview of Inequality Trends, Key Findings and Policy directions."},{"key":"S1368980019004439_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxm007"},{"key":"S1368980019004439_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4067\/S0034-98872015000500007"},{"key":"S1368980019004439_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980018001003"},{"key":"S1368980019004439_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11061277"},{"key":"S1368980019004439_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-36342000000600006"},{"key":"S1368980019004439_ref31","unstructured":"31. World Health Organization. Obesity and Overweight. http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/factsheets\/fs311\/en\/ (accessed January 2019)."},{"key":"S1368980019004439_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a010106"},{"key":"S1368980019004439_ref33","unstructured":"33. Pan American Health Organisation (2011) Underweight, short stature, and overweight in adolescents and young women in Latin America and the Caribbean. 12."},{"key":"S1368980019004439_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.gme.0000227338.73738.2d"},{"key":"S1368980019004439_ref38","first-page":"1","article-title":"Stature in adults as an indicator of socioeconomic inequalities in Mexico","volume":"42","author":"Castro-Porras","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev Panam Salud Publica\/Pan Am J Public Heal"},{"key":"S1368980019004439_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/156482651303400402"},{"key":"S1368980019004439_ref42","first-page":"340","article-title":"Iron food fortification in Chile","volume":"27","author":"Olivares","year":"2000","journal-title":"Rev Chil Nutr"},{"key":"S1368980019004439_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21149\/spm.v55i5.7247"},{"key":"S1368980019004439_ref68","unstructured":"68. Schellhorn, C & Vald\u00e9s, V (2010) Lactancia materna contenidos t\u00e9cnicos para profesionales de la salud. Cap\u00edtulo II, Chile."},{"key":"S1368980019004439_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12694"},{"key":"S1368980019004439_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12802"},{"key":"S1368980019004439_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2012.03.029"},{"key":"S1368980019004439_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-1615"},{"key":"S1368980019004439_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2001.114476"},{"key":"S1368980019004439_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.116.140962","article-title":"Infant feeding and growth trajectory patterns in childhood and body composition in young adulthood","volume":"106","author":"Rzehak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"S1368980019004439_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyr020"},{"key":"S1368980019004439_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/82.6.1298"},{"key":"S1368980019004439_ref69","unstructured":"69. Gobierno de Chile (2011) Ley 20545 Modifica las Normas de Protecci\u00f3n a la Maternidad e Incorpora el Permiso Postnatal Parental Chile:gobierno de Chile. https:\/\/www.leychile.cl\/Navegar?idNorma=1030936 (accessed January 2019)."},{"key":"S1368980019004439_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12099"},{"key":"S1368980019004439_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.09.025"},{"key":"S1368980019004439_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/roiw.12236"},{"key":"S1368980019004439_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.323.7320.1061"}],"container-title":["Public Health Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1368980019004439","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,9]],"date-time":"2020-09-09T08:00:20Z","timestamp":1599638420000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1368980019004439\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,5]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"S1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S1368980019004439"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1368980019004439","relation":{},"ISSN":["1368-9800","1475-2727"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1368-9800","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-2727","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,5]]}}}