{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T20:47:36Z","timestamp":1786999656810,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"S1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,17]],"date-time":"2020-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587081600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Public Health Nutr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective:<\/jats:title>\n To describe the magnitude and distribution of malnutrition in all forms (stunting, wasting, overweight and obesity) by level of education and socio-economic status (SES).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design:<\/jats:title>\n Representative data from three national surveys were used: the socio-economic characteristics of Uruguayan households the 2012\u20132013; the Survey of Child Health, Nutrition and Development and the Survey of Chronic Disease Risks. We defined overweight, obesity, wasting\/underweight and stunting\/short stature according to WHO criteria. We conducted a comparison between malnutrition prevalence values per SES and education level.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Setting:<\/jats:title>\n In total, 1 183 177 households were surveyed, including 2265 children\u2019s and 752 women\u2019s households, forming a nationally representative sample in urban areas with more than 5000 habitants.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Participants:<\/jats:title>\n A total of 3079 children aged <4 years from the National Survey of Child Health, Nutrition and Development 2013 and 752 women aged 20\u201349 years from the National Survey of Chronic Disease Risks 2013 were included.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n Among children aged <4 years, stunting and overweight disproportionately affected low-wealth groups, with 5\u00b745 % of children in the lower income tertile and 3\u00b744 % in the upper tertile presenting stunting (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0\u00b705). Overweight and obesity were higher in the third tertile of income. Among the women, 54\u00b78 % (95 % CI 48\u00b70, 61\u00b76) had excess weight (overweight and obesity) and significant differences were found between those with the lowest and highest levels of SES. Regarding excess weight with respect to educational level, significant differences were also found between the low and high levels and between the medium and high levels.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n In Uruguay, there are slight differences in the prevalence of all forms of malnutrition according to SES and education levels in the populations considered. Excess weight in children and women poses the greatest public health nutritional challenge at all levels of SES and education. The fact that more educated mothers are more overweight differs from the findings in other countries and should be studied in more detail. Stunting in children is also important, requiring more focused interventions. Notably, excess weight is higher in more educated mothers, a fact that differs from other countries. Further analysis is important to understand this discrepancy.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1368980020000804","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,17]],"date-time":"2020-04-17T02:27:00Z","timestamp":1587090420000},"page":"s101-s107","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Prevalence of malnutrition among children and women of reproductive age in Uruguay by socio-economic status and educational level"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Mercedes","family":"Medina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Barreto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virginia","family":"Natero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ximena","family":"Moratorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecilia","family":"Severi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1368980020000804_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25145\/j.pasos.2008.06.036"},{"key":"S1368980020000804_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-311X2003000700009"},{"key":"S1368980020000804_ref28","first-page":"12","volume-title":"Obesidade e pobreza: um novo desafio \u00e0 sa\u00fade p\u00fablica","author":"Aguirre","year":"2006"},{"key":"S1368980020000804_ref25","volume-title":"Poblaci\u00f3n urbana y urbanizaci\u00f3n en Am\u00e9rica Latina","author":"Lattes","year":"2001"},{"key":"S1368980020000804_ref23","first-page":"101","article-title":"Uruguay: the rise and fall of a welfare state seen against a background of dependency theory","volume":"93","author":"Kleinpenning","year":"1981","journal-title":"Rev Geogr"},{"key":"S1368980020000804_ref22","unstructured":"22. Marconi, C & Lara, C (2013) Evoluci\u00f3n de la educaci\u00f3n inicial y primaria en los \u00faltimos 50 a\u00f1os. Desaf\u00edos para la pr\u00f3xima d\u00e9cada. Instituto Nacional de Evaluaci\u00f3n educativa. (National Institute in Education). Uruguay."},{"key":"S1368980020000804_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-10-509"},{"key":"S1368980020000804_ref18","unstructured":"18. Organizaci\u00f3n Panamericana de la Salud (PAHO) (2015) Alimentos y bebidas ultraprocesados en Am\u00e9rica Latina: tendencias, efecto sobre la obesidad e implicaciones para las pol\u00edticas p\u00fablicas [Ultraprocess and beverage in Latin America, trends, impact on obesity and policy implications]. Washington, DC: PAHO."},{"key":"S1368980020000804_ref17","volume-title":"Salud, nutrici\u00f3n y desarrollo en la primera infancia en Uruguay. Priemros resultados de la ENDIS","author":"De Rosa"},{"key":"S1368980020000804_ref16","unstructured":"16. Stata Corp L (2007) Stata data analysis and statistical Software: Special Edition Release."},{"key":"S1368980020000804_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2542","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.115.216374","article-title":"Short maternal stature increases risk of small-for-gestational-age and preterm births in low-and middle-income countries: individual participant data meta-analysis and population attributable fraction","volume":"145","author":"Kozuki","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"S1368980020000804_ref13","unstructured":"13. World Health Organization (2007) The WHO Child Growth Standards, Washington, 2016. http:\/\/www.who.int\/childgrowth\/wn\/\/ (accessed July 2019)."},{"key":"S1368980020000804_ref12","unstructured":"12. Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica (2012\u20132013) Encuesta Continua de Hogares."},{"key":"S1368980020000804_ref10","unstructured":"10. Center for Diseases Control Childhood Obesity Causes and Consequences. Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity, National Center for Chronic Disease. December 15, 2016. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/obesity\/childhood\/causes.html (accessed September 2019)."},{"key":"S1368980020000804_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2012.239"},{"key":"S1368980020000804_ref8","unstructured":"8. World Health Organization (1995) The use and interpretation of anthropometry: report of a WHO expert committee. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 854, 312\u2013409."},{"key":"S1368980020000804_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.114.083808"},{"key":"S1368980020000804_ref5","unstructured":"5. Ministerio de Salud P\u00fablica (2011) 2\u00aa Encuesta Nacional de Factores de Riesgo de Enfermedades No Transmisibles [2nd National Survey of risk factors of non comunicable diseases. Uruguay]. http:\/\/www.msp.gub.uy\/noticia\/segunda-encuesta-nacional-de-factores-de-riesgo-de-enfermedades-cr%C3%B3nicas-no-transmisibles (accessed March 2020) (In Spanish)."},{"key":"S1368980020000804_ref24","volume-title":"Observatorio de los Derechos de la Infancia y la Adolescencia en Uruguay","author":"Arroyo","year":"2012"},{"key":"S1368980020000804_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(95)00535-8"},{"key":"S1368980020000804_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1301\/nr.2003.may.168-175"},{"key":"S1368980020000804_ref14","unstructured":"14. Oficina de Planeamiento y Presupuesto, Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica, Universidad de la Republica [Planning and budget office, Statistics Institute, University of the Republic] (2014) Encuesta de Nutrici\u00f3n, Desarrollo Infantil y Salud [Nutrition, Development and Health Survey]."},{"key":"S1368980020000804_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.114.084806"},{"key":"S1368980020000804_ref30","unstructured":"30. Instituto Nacional de Evaluaci\u00f3n Educativa (National Institute in Education) (2019) Informe sobre el estado de la Educaci\u00f3n en Uruguay 2017\u20132018, Montevideo, Uruguay."},{"key":"S1368980020000804_ref20","article-title":"Socioeconomic status and obesity in adult populations of developing countries: a review","author":"Monteiro","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"S1368980020000804_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980011001339"},{"key":"S1368980020000804_ref11","unstructured":"11. Amarante, V , Arim, R , Severi, C et al. (2004) El estado nutricional de los ni\u00f1os\/as y las pol\u00edticas alimentarias. Resultado de una encuesta sobre situaci\u00f3n nutricional en escolares de primer a\u00f1o escolar [The nutritional state of children and food policies]. Montevideo (Uruguay): Universidad de la Rep\u00fablica, UNICEF, UNDP, Cooperazione Italiana. http:\/\/www.unicef.org\/uruguay\/spanish\/uy_media_Estado_nutricional_politicas_alimentarias.pdf (accessed September 2019)."},{"key":"S1368980020000804_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2003.69"},{"key":"S1368980020000804_ref2","volume-title":"Fomentando la resiliencia en aras de la paz y la seguridad alimentaria","year":"2017"},{"key":"S1368980020000804_ref1","unstructured":"1. UNICEF. Monitoring the situation of children and woman. Global Nutrition Report. Nourishing the SDGs. Noviembre 2017. https:\/\/www.globalnutritionreport.org\/files\/2017\/11\/Report_2017.pdf (accessed December 2019)."},{"key":"S1368980020000804_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(13)70173-6"}],"container-title":["Public Health Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1368980020000804","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,9]],"date-time":"2020-09-09T03:59:53Z","timestamp":1599623993000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1368980020000804\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,17]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"S1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S1368980020000804"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1368980020000804","relation":{},"ISSN":["1368-9800","1475-2727"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1368-9800","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-2727","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,17]]}}}