{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T11:03:49Z","timestamp":1791975829688,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,14]],"date-time":"2020-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600041600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Nutr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S1368980020003298_as1\"><jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Food intolerances are commonly reported and are predicted to have gastrointestinal health implications. We aimed to quantify the prevalence of food intolerances among US adults and identify culprit foods through a brief web-based survey.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980020003298_as2\"><jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title><jats:p>We invited participation in an online cross-sectional survey involving a single questionnaire. Data were summarised using percentages or medians and interquartile range. Participant characteristics by self-reported food intolerance were compared using the Wilcoxon rank sum test and Pearson\u2019s<jats:italic>\u03c7<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>test. Adjusted analyses were performed using multivariable logistic regression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980020003298_as3\"><jats:title>Setting:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The survey was internet-based via Amazon\u2019s mechanical Turk, a crowdsourcing website for the completion of requester directed tasks.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980020003298_as4\"><jats:title>Participants:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Adults who were US-based internet users were invited at ages 18\u201380.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980020003298_as5\"><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>We collected 2133 survey responses (ages 18\u201379 years). The rate of food intolerance was 24\u00b78 % (95 % CI 23\u00b70, 26\u00b76) in US adults. Younger (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0\u00b701), female (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= 0\u00b705) and Asian, African American or multiple race individuals (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0\u00b701) predominated. Lactose intolerance was most common. Frequency of a non-lactose food intolerance was 18\u00b71 % (95 % CI 16\u00b75, 19\u00b78). When categorised broadly, grains, fruit, lactose, fish, vegetables, alcohol and nuts were most troublesome for individuals in that order.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980020003298_as6\"><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Self-reported food intolerance is common in US internet users. The effect of food on gastrointestinal symptoms and avoidant behaviours deserves further attention.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1368980020003298","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,14]],"date-time":"2020-09-14T12:15:52Z","timestamp":1600085752000},"page":"531-535","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["High prevalence of food intolerances among US internet users"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Claire L","family":"Jansson-Knodell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mattie","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolyn","family":"Lockett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huiping","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1368980020003298_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2016.12"},{"key":"S1368980020003298_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13041","article-title":"Review article: the aetiology, diagnosis, mechanisms and clinical evidence for food intolerance","volume":"41","author":"Lomer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"S1368980020003298_ref3","first-page":"851","article-title":"Allergy and intolerance to food in an Icelandic urban population 20\u201344 years of age.","volume":"86","author":"Gislason","year":"2000","journal-title":"Laeknabladid"},{"key":"S1368980020003298_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2002.01256.x"},{"key":"S1368980020003298_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)90234-8"},{"key":"S1368980020003298_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1017\/S1930297500002205","article-title":"Running experiments on Amazon mechanical turk","volume":"5","author":"Paolacci","year":"2010","journal-title":"Judgm Decis Mak"},{"key":"S1368980020003298_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2007.01254.x"},{"key":"S1368980020003298_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2016.434"},{"key":"S1368980020003298_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2000.01678.x"},{"key":"S1368980020003298_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.06.010"},{"key":"S1368980020003298_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601159"},{"key":"S1368980020003298_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000051878"},{"key":"S1368980020003298_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2013.105"},{"key":"S1368980020003298_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602367"},{"key":"S1368980020003298_ref4","first-page":"e3","article-title":"Self-reported prevalence and risk factors associated with food hypersensitivity in Mexican young adults","volume":"523","author":"Puente-Fernandez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"S1368980020003298_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9090940"},{"key":"S1368980020003298_ref19","first-page":"e4","article-title":"Global prevalence of and risk factors for irritable bowel syndrome: a meta-analysis","volume":"712","author":"Lovell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"S1368980020003298_ref14","first-page":"e5","article-title":"A diet low in FODMAPs reduces symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"67\u201375","author":"Halmos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"S1368980020003298_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-013-0434-y"}],"container-title":["Public Health Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1368980020003298","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,7]],"date-time":"2023-10-07T08:28:59Z","timestamp":1696667339000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1368980020003298\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,14]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S1368980020003298"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1368980020003298","relation":{},"ISSN":["1368-9800","1475-2727"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1368-9800","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-2727","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Nutrition Society","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}