{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T03:52:39Z","timestamp":1791863559411,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,31]],"date-time":"2021-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630368000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Nutr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S1368980021003761_as1\"><jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aims to investigate the association between iron body status and postpartum depression (PPD) among mothers during the postpartum period.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980021003761_as2\"><jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title><jats:p>This is a case\u2013control study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980021003761_as3\"><jats:title>Setting:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Governmental primary health care centres in the Gaza Strip, Palestine.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980021003761_as4\"><jats:title>Participants:<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study involved 300 mothers a month after delivery, with one 150 mothers that were recruited in the cases group who were diagnosed with PPD based on Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) \u2265 10. The control group included 150 mothers did not have PPD (EPDS &lt; 10). Body iron status is represented by the index of sTfR\/log ferritin.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980021003761_as5\"><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among PPD mothers, 43\u00b73 % had low ferritin level <jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>. 15\u00b73 % for controls (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0\u00b7001) and cases <jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>. controls difference in mean Hb level was \u22120\u00b761 (95 % CI \u22120\u00b786, \u22120\u00b735). The results of the multiple logistic regression reported that there is a statistically significant association between PPD and the body iron status existed, as mothers who suffered from iron deficiency (ID) were three times more likely to have PPD (OR<jats:sup>adj<\/jats:sup> 3\u00b725; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0\u00b7015). Furthermore, the results of the final regression model showed that the other factors that can lead to PPD are absence of psychological guidance services (OR<jats:sup>adj<\/jats:sup> 8\u00b754; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0\u00b7001), suffering from undesired feeling in the last pregnancy (OR<jats:sup>adj<\/jats:sup> 1\u00b777; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0\u00b7034), in addition to having one of the mental health disorders in the last pregnancy (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0\u00b7001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980021003761_as6\"><jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Body iron status might be a risk factor for postpartum depression and other possibilities of reverse causality may worsen the condition.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1368980021003761","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,31]],"date-time":"2021-08-31T08:35:14Z","timestamp":1630398914000},"page":"1631-1638","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Is iron deficiency a risk factor for postpartum depression? A case\u2013control study in the Gaza Strip, Palestine"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Samar","family":"Hameed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9479-7748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ihab A","family":"Naser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed A","family":"Al Ghussein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed S","family":"Ellulu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1368980021003761_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1309\/AJCP16NTXZLZFAIB"},{"key":"S1368980021003761_ref27","unstructured":"27. PCBS (2019) PCBS: On the Occasion of the International Population Day. Palestine: Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics; available at http:\/\/www.pcbs.gov.ps\/post.aspx?lang=en&ItemID=3503 (accessed May 2020)."},{"key":"S1368980021003761_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9790\/5736-071123846"},{"key":"S1368980021003761_ref12","first-page":"120","article-title":"Nutrition health issues in self-reported postpartum depression","volume":"4","author":"Hogg-Kollars","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Hepatol Bed Bench"},{"key":"S1368980021003761_ref28","unstructured":"28. WFP (2019) Palestine Annual Country Report 2019 Country Strategic Plan 2018\u20132022. Palestine: World Food Programme; available at https:\/\/docs.wfp.org\/api\/documents\/WFP-0000113833\/download\/ (accessed May 2020)."},{"key":"S1368980021003761_ref8","first-page":"540","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for postpartum depression among women with preterm and low-birth-weight infants","volume":"117","author":"Vigod","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"S1368980021003761_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.psy.0000221265.43407.89"},{"key":"S1368980021003761_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006416-200305000-00012"},{"key":"S1368980021003761_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/521431"},{"key":"S1368980021003761_ref7","first-page":"119","article-title":"Chronic anemia and thyroid function","volume":"88","author":"Ashraf","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Biomed"},{"key":"S1368980021003761_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9111206"},{"key":"S1368980021003761_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/135.2.267"},{"key":"S1368980021003761_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0167482X.2018.1427725"},{"key":"S1368980021003761_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665113003637"},{"key":"S1368980021003761_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1552-6909.2002.tb00066.x"},{"key":"S1368980021003761_ref22","volume-title":"Assessing the Iron Status of Populations: Report of a Joint World Health Organization\/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Technical Consultation on the Assessment of Iron Status at the Population Level","year":"2004"},{"key":"S1368980021003761_ref32","first-page":"1061","article-title":"Depression during pregnancy","volume":"51","author":"Stewart","year":"2005","journal-title":"Can Fam Physician"},{"key":"S1368980021003761_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602542"},{"key":"S1368980021003761_ref24","volume-title":"Serum Transferrin Receptor Levels for the Assessment of Iron Status and Iron Deficiency in Populations","year":"2014"},{"key":"S1368980021003761_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.11.033"},{"key":"S1368980021003761_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2010.11.006"},{"key":"S1368980021003761_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980018001568"},{"key":"S1368980021003761_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27151"},{"key":"S1368980021003761_ref13","volume-title":"Nutrition through the Life Cycle","author":"Brown","year":"2010"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S1368980021003761_ref21.1","unstructured":"21. Department of Health & Government of Western Australia (2006) Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS): Translated Versions - Validated. Perth, Western Australia: State Perinatal Mental Health Reference Group"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S1368980021003761_ref21.2","unstructured":"available at https:\/\/www.dchealthcheck.net\/documents\/10-2015-EPDS-Translations.pdf (accessed May 2020)."},{"key":"S1368980021003761_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-015-1140-6"},{"key":"S1368980021003761_ref30","first-page":"311","article-title":"Risk factors associated with postpartum depression in the Saudi population","volume":"10","author":"Alharbi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"key":"S1368980021003761_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-018-2032-6"},{"key":"S1368980021003761_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61328-3"},{"key":"S1368980021003761_ref26","first-page":"809","article-title":"Serum transferrin receptor in children: usefulness for determinating the nature of anemia in infection","volume":"28","author":"L\u00f3pez","year":"2006","journal-title":"JPHO"},{"key":"S1368980021003761_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12968\/bjom.2012.20.2.104"},{"key":"S1368980021003761_ref1","unstructured":"1. 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