{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T06:59:07Z","timestamp":1789541947840,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]],"date-time":"2021-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636329600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Nutr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S1368980021004584_as1\"><jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Food insecurity is associated with numerous adverse health outcomes. The US Veterans Health Administration (VHA) began universal food insecurity screening in 2017. This study examined prevalence and correlates of food insecurity among Veterans screened.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980021004584_as2\"><jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Retrospective cross-sectional study using VHA administrative data. Multivariable logistic regression models were estimated to identify sociodemographic and medical characteristics associated with a positive food insecurity screen.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980021004584_as3\"><jats:title>Setting:<\/jats:title><jats:p>All US Veterans Administration (VA) medical centres (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> 161).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980021004584_as4\"><jats:title>Participants:<\/jats:title><jats:p>All Veterans were screened for food insecurity since screening initiation (July 2017\u2013December 2018).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980021004584_as5\"><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of 3 304 702 Veterans screened for food insecurity, 44 298 were positive on their initial screen (1\u00b73 % of men; 2\u00b70 % of women). Food insecurity was associated with identifying as non-Hispanic Black or Hispanic. Veterans who were non-married\/partnered, low-income Veterans without VA disability-related compensation and those with housing instability had higher odds of food insecurity, as did Veterans with a BMI &lt; 18\u00b75, diabetes, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. Prior military sexual trauma (MST) was associated with food insecurity among both men and women. Women screening positive, however, were eight times more likely than men to have experienced MST (48\u00b79 % <jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>. 5\u00b79 %).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980021004584_as6\"><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Food insecurity was associated with medical and trauma-related comorbidities as well as unmet social needs including housing instability. Additionally, Veterans of colour and women were at higher risk for food insecurity. Findings can inform development of tailored interventions to address food insecurity such as more frequent screening among high-risk populations, onsite support applying for federal food assistance programs and formal partnerships with community-based resources.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1368980021004584","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]],"date-time":"2021-11-08T09:25:32Z","timestamp":1636363532000},"page":"819-828","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Risk factors for Veteran food insecurity: findings from a National US Department of Veterans Affairs Food Insecurity Screener"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3859-6164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alicia J","family":"Cohen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David M","family":"Dosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James L","family":"Rudolph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher W","family":"Halladay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Heisler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kali S","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1368980021004584_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5888\/pcd14.160375"},{"key":"S1368980021004584_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JOP.19.00736"},{"key":"S1368980021004584_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2017.304033"},{"key":"S1368980021004584_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2019.10.011"},{"key":"S1368980021004584_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2014.10.003"},{"key":"S1368980021004584_ref37","first-page":"167","article-title":"Who joins the military? A look at race, class, and immigration status","volume":"36","author":"Lutz","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Political Mil Sociol"},{"key":"S1368980021004584_ref50","unstructured":"50. US Department of Veteran Affairs (2014) Veterans access, choice and accountability act of (\u2018choice act\u2019) fact sheet. https:\/\/www.va.gov\/opa\/choiceact\/documents\/choice-act-summary.pdf (accessed October 2021)."},{"key":"S1368980021004584_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13557858.2016.1263286"},{"key":"S1368980021004584_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.13283"},{"key":"S1368980021004584_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2018.11.014"},{"key":"S1368980021004584_ref9","unstructured":"9. Coleman-Jensen, A , Rabbitt, MP , Gregory, C et al. (2021) Household Food Security in the United States in 2020. http:\/\/www.ers.usda.gov\/publications\/pub-details\/?pubid=102075 (accessed October 2021)."},{"key":"S1368980021004584_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S136898001400072X"},{"key":"S1368980021004584_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-017-0910-7"},{"key":"S1368980021004584_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-1439"},{"key":"S1368980021004584_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2006.092999"},{"key":"S1368980021004584_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/FCH.0000000000000183"},{"key":"S1368980021004584_ref36","first-page":"88","article-title":"Military service and educational attainment in the all-volunteer force","volume":"76","author":"Cohen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Soc Sci Q"},{"key":"S1368980021004584_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2016.0101"},{"key":"S1368980021004584_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-016-0229-z"},{"key":"S1368980021004584_ref7","first-page":"399","article-title":"Food insecurity, healthcare utilization, and high cost: a longitudinal cohort study","volume":"24","author":"Berkowitz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Manag Care"},{"key":"S1368980021004584_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2018.01.002"},{"key":"S1368980021004584_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2016.04.003"},{"key":"S1368980021004584_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16224369"},{"key":"S1368980021004584_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980013000281"},{"key":"S1368980021004584_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1497.2005.00278.x"},{"key":"S1368980021004584_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2020.305953"},{"key":"S1368980021004584_ref16","volume-title":"Food Insecurity among Working-Age Veterans","author":"Rabbitt","year":"2021"},{"key":"S1368980021004584_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-013-2341-4"},{"key":"S1368980021004584_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0132664"},{"key":"S1368980021004584_ref1","unstructured":"1. USDA ERS (2021) Food Insecurity in the US \u2013 Measurement. https:\/\/www.ers.usda.gov\/topics\/food-nutrition-assistance\/food-security-in-the-us\/measurement\/#security (accessed September 2021)."},{"key":"S1368980021004584_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-0320"},{"key":"S1368980021004584_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2015.0645"},{"key":"S1368980021004584_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-019-02785-6"},{"key":"S1368980021004584_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/003335491513000313"},{"key":"S1368980021004584_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.12730"},{"key":"S1368980021004584_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.724"},{"key":"S1368980021004584_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2014.01.002"},{"key":"S1368980021004584_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-020-00892-7"},{"key":"S1368980021004584_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3905\/jor.2016.4.1.077"},{"key":"S1368980021004584_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980015003067"},{"key":"S1368980021004584_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aepp.13143"},{"key":"S1368980021004584_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0183700"},{"key":"S1368980021004584_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2014.6888"},{"key":"S1368980021004584_ref17","unstructured":"17. Pooler, J , Mian, P , Srinivasan, M et al. (2018) Veterans and Food Insecurity. https:\/\/www.impaqint.com\/sites\/default\/files\/issue-briefs\/VeteransFoodInsecurity_IssueBrief_V1.3.pdf (accessed November 2018)."},{"key":"S1368980021004584_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-3146"},{"key":"S1368980021004584_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2020.04.006"},{"key":"S1368980021004584_ref23","first-page":"16","article-title":"Food insecurity among veterans: resources to screen and intervene","volume":"37","author":"Cohen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fed Pract"},{"key":"S1368980021004584_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-1627"},{"key":"S1368980021004584_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980015001986"},{"key":"S1368980021004584_ref24","unstructured":"24. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service (2021) USDA ERS \u2013 Survey Tools. https:\/\/www.ers.usda.gov\/topics\/food-nutrition-assistance\/food-security-in-the-us\/survey-tools\/ (accessed October 2021)."}],"container-title":["Public Health Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1368980021004584","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,3]],"date-time":"2022-05-03T10:24:28Z","timestamp":1651573468000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1368980021004584\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S1368980021004584"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1368980021004584","relation":{},"ISSN":["1368-9800","1475-2727"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1368-9800","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-2727","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 United States Department of Veterans Affairs, 2021","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"To the extent this is a work of the US Government, it is not subject to copyright protection within the United States. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Nutrition Society","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}