{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T13:22:29Z","timestamp":1791638549288,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658966400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Nutr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S1368980022001586_as1\"><jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title><jats:p>To explore whether individuals who consume higher amounts of ultra-processed food (UPF) have more adverse mental health symptoms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980022001586_as2\"><jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using a cross-sectional design, we measured the consumption of UPF as a percentage of total energy intake in kilo-calories using the NOVA food classification system. We explored whether individuals who consume higher amounts of UPF were more likely to report mild depression, more mentally unhealthy days and more anxious days per month using multivariable analyses adjusting for potential confounding variables.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980022001586_as3\"><jats:title>Setting:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Representative sample from the United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between 2007 and 2012.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980022001586_as4\"><jats:title>Participants:<\/jats:title><jats:p>10 359 adults aged 18+ without a history of cocaine, methamphetamine or heroin use.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980022001586_as5\"><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>After adjusting for covariates, individuals with the highest level of UPF consumption were significantly more likely to report at least mild depression (OR: 1\u00b781; 95 % CI1\u00b709, 3\u00b702), more mentally unhealthy (risk ratio (RR): 1\u00b722; 95 % CI 1\u00b718, 1\u00b725) and more anxious days per month (RR: 1\u00b719; 95 % CI 1\u00b716, 1\u00b723). They were also significantly less likely to report zero mentally unhealthy (OR: 0\u00b760; 95 % CI 0\u00b741, 0\u00b788) or anxious days (OR: 0\u00b765; 95 % CI 0\u00b747, 0\u00b790).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980022001586_as6\"><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Individuals reporting higher intakes of UPF were significantly more likely to report mild depression, more mentally unhealthy and more anxious days and less likely to report zero mentally unhealthy or anxious days. These data add important information to a growing body of evidence concerning the potential adverse effects of UPF consumption on mental health.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1368980022001586","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T09:56:19Z","timestamp":1659002179000},"page":"3225-3234","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Cross-sectional examination of ultra-processed food consumption and adverse mental health symptoms"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1673-348X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric M","family":"Hecht","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Rabil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Euridice","family":"Martinez Steele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8036-3861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gary A","family":"Abrams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deanna","family":"Ware","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David C","family":"Landy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles H","family":"Hennekens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1368980022001586_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0b013e3181924ad8"},{"key":"S1368980022001586_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-014-0652-9"},{"key":"S1368980022001586_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-019-01970-1"},{"key":"S1368980022001586_ref34","unstructured":"34. 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