{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T17:07:41Z","timestamp":1784740061954,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,2]],"date-time":"2023-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682985600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Nutr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S1368980023000848_as1\"><jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title><jats:p>To evaluate the associations of ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption and obesity indicators among individuals with and without type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) from the Coronary Artery Calcification in Type 1 Diabetes cohort study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980023000848_as2\"><jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title><jats:p>A secondary analysis. The consumption of UPF was assessed using the dietary data collected with the Harvard FFQ, and each food item was categorised according to the NOVA food processing classification. Height, weight and waist circumference were measured at baseline and after a mean of 14\u00b76-year follow-up. Generalised estimating equations stratified by diabetes status were used to assess the associations between UPF intake and obesity indicators over 14 years of follow-up.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980023000848_as3\"><jats:title>Setting:<\/jats:title><jats:p>USA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980023000848_as4\"><jats:title>Participants:<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 600 adults (256 T1DM and 344 non-diabetic controls) aged 39 \u00b1 9\u00b71 years at baseline and followed up for over 14 years were included.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980023000848_as5\"><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Participants with T1DM consumed significantly more UPF than non-diabetic controls at baseline: 7\u00b76 \u00b1 3\u00b78 <jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>. 6\u00b76 \u00b1 3\u00b74 servings per day of UPF, respectively (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0\u00b701). Participants with T1DM and with the highest UPF intake had the highest weight (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>Q4 <jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>. Q1<\/jats:sub> = 3\u00b707) and BMI (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>Q4 <jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>. Q1<\/jats:sub> = 1\u00b702, all <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0\u00b705) compared with those with the lowest UPF intake. Similar positive associations were observed in non-diabetic controls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980023000848_as7\"><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Individuals with T1DM may consume more UPF than non-diabetic controls. Positive associations between UPF consumption and obesity indicators suggest that limiting UPF can be recommended for obesity prevention and management. Further research is needed to confirm these findings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1368980023000848","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,2]],"date-time":"2023-05-02T10:46:56Z","timestamp":1683024416000},"page":"1626-1633","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Ultra-processed food consumption and obesity indicators in individuals with and without type 1 diabetes mellitus: a longitudinal analysis of the prospective Coronary Artery Calcification in Type 1 Diabetes (CACTI) cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0749-1450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiantian","family":"Pang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heewon L","family":"Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy C","family":"Alman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Acadia W","family":"Buro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arpita","family":"Basu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shi","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet K","family":"Snell-Bergeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1368980023000848_ref3","volume-title":"National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2017\u2013March 2020 Prepandemic Data Files Development of Files and Prevalence Estimates for Selected Health Outcomes. 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