{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T22:14:47Z","timestamp":1793830487710,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,4]],"date-time":"2023-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683158400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Nutr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S1368980023000897_as1\"><jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title><jats:p>To aid the design of nutrition interventions in low- and middle-income countries undergoing a nutrition transition, this study examined behavioural and environmental risk factors associated with childhood overweight and obesity in urban Indonesia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980023000897_as2\"><jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Body height and weight of children were measured to determine BMI-for-age Z-scores and childhood overweight and obesity status. A self-administered parental survey measured socio-economic background, children\u2019s diet, physical activity, screen time and parental practices. Logistic and quantile regression models were used to assess the association between risk factors and the BMI-for-age Z-score distribution.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980023000897_as3\"><jats:title>Setting:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Public primary schools in Central Jakarta, sampled at random.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980023000897_as4\"><jats:title>Participants:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Children (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> 1674) aged 6\u201313 years from 18 public primary schools.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980023000897_as5\"><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among the children, 31\u00b70 % were overweight or obese. The prevalence of obesity was higher in boys (21\u00b70 %) than in girls (12\u00b70 %). Male sex and height (aOR = 1\u00b767; 95 % CI 1\u00b730, 2\u00b714 and aOR = 1\u00b716; 95 % CI 1\u00b714, 1\u00b718, respectively) increased the odds of being overweight or obese, while the odds reduced with every year of age (aOR = 0\u00b743; 95 % CI 0\u00b737, 0\u00b750). Maternal education was positively associated with children\u2019s BMI at the median of the Z-score distribution (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0\u00b7026). Dietary and physical activity risk scores were not associated with children\u2019s BMI at any quantile. The obesogenic home food environment score was significantly and positively associated with the BMI-for-age Z-score at the 75th and 90th percentiles (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0\u00b7022 and 0\u00b7023, respectively).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980023000897_as6\"><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study illustrated the demographic, behavioural and environmental risk factors for overweight and obesity among primary schoolchildren in a middle-income country. To foster healthy behaviours in primary schoolchildren, parents need to ensure a positive home food environment. Future sex-responsive interventions should involve both parents and children, promote healthy diets and physical activity and improve food environments in homes and schools.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1368980023000897","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,4]],"date-time":"2023-05-04T05:14:30Z","timestamp":1683177270000},"page":"1562-1575","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Behavioural and environmental risk factors associated with primary schoolchildren\u2019s overweight and obesity in urban Indonesia"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8502-8499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margarita","family":"de Vries Mecheva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Rieger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8613-0495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Sparrow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erfi","family":"Prafiantini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rina","family":"Agustina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1368980023000897_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980012004569"},{"key":"S1368980023000897_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980016000999"},{"key":"S1368980023000897_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X1301300211"},{"key":"S1368980023000897_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11622\/smedj.2015190"},{"key":"S1368980023000897_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joes.12458"},{"key":"S1368980023000897_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14040436"},{"key":"S1368980023000897_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980016000926"},{"key":"S1368980023000897_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(17)30358-3"},{"key":"S1368980023000897_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12662"},{"key":"S1368980023000897_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/chi.2014.0107"},{"key":"S1368980023000897_ref38","unstructured":"38. 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