{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T01:04:21Z","timestamp":1793149461832,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]],"date-time":"2024-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727136000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":267,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Nutr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980024001502_as1\">\n\t    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>To assess the relationship between dietary intake of <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>-carotene, <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>-carotene, <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>-cryptoxanthin, lycopene and lutein+zeaxanthin (LZ) and occurrence of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD).<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980024001502_as2\">\n\t    <jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Cross-sectional study design. The MAFLD diagnosis was based on hepatic steatosis and metabolic dysregulation. Carotenoid intake was adjusted for using an energy-adjusted model. Logistic regression and restricted cubic spline (RCS) analyses were used to assess the relationships, with sensitivity analysis to validate the findings. Weighted quantile sum regression (WQS) was used to explore the combined effect of these carotenoids on MAFLD. Subgroup analyses were conducted to identify population-specific associations.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980024001502_as3\">\n\t    <jats:title>Setting:<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2017\u2013March 2020.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980024001502_as4\">\n\t    <jats:title>Participants:<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>This study included 5098 individuals aged 18 years and older.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980024001502_as5\">\n\t    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>After adjusting for potential confounders, a weak inverse association was observed between <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>-carotene and <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>-carotene intakes and MAFLD occurrence (all <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> value &lt;0\u00b705). The highest quartile of <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>-carotene intake showed a significantly lower occurrence of MAFLD compared with the lowest quartile (OR = 0\u00b765; 95 % CI: 0\u00b744, 0\u00b797). RCS analysis showed that a significantly lower occurrence of MAFLD was associated with a higher intake of the four carotenoids, excluding lycopene. Furthermore, the WQS analysis revealed a negative relationship between combined carotenoid intake and MAFLD occurrence (OR = 0\u00b795, 95 % CI: 0\u00b790, 1\u00b700, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0\u00b7037). Subgroup analyses showed dietary carotenoid intake was associated with reduced MAFLD occurrence in populations aged 50\u201369 years, females, physically active individuals and non-drinkers.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980024001502_as6\">\n\t    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Higher dietary intake of carotenoids is associated with lower MAFLD occurrence. However, this relationship varies among individuals of different ages, sexes and lifestyles.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1368980024001502","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]],"date-time":"2024-09-24T03:12:33Z","timestamp":1727147553000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Association between dietary intake of carotenoids and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease in US adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2017\u2013March 2020"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Jiahui","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peisen","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1368980024001502_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2005.10.001"},{"key":"S1368980024001502_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JCMA.0000000000000699"},{"key":"S1368980024001502_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199605023341801"},{"key":"S1368980024001502_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-18346-8"},{"key":"S1368980024001502_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061821"},{"key":"S1368980024001502_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.12.036"},{"key":"S1368980024001502_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7095378"},{"key":"S1368980024001502_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo14040218"},{"key":"S1368980024001502_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.034843"},{"key":"S1368980024001502_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.12.014"},{"key":"S1368980024001502_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/69.6.1071"},{"key":"S1368980024001502_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.03.039"},{"key":"S1368980024001502_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119915"},{"key":"S1368980024001502_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.121131"},{"key":"S1368980024001502_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.1995.tb01797.x"},{"key":"S1368980024001502_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15040907"},{"key":"S1368980024001502_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2020.1867959"},{"key":"S1368980024001502_ref14","first-page":"161","article-title":"Carotenoids and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"4","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hepatobil Surg Nutr"},{"key":"S1368980024001502_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-024-02215-0"},{"key":"S1368980024001502_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D1FO01429C"},{"key":"S1368980024001502_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-023-10542-9"},{"key":"S1368980024001502_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.132953"},{"key":"S1368980024001502_ref4","first-page":"1034","article-title":"Association between metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease and cognitive impairment","volume":"10","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Transl Hepatol"},{"key":"S1368980024001502_ref32","article-title":"Carotenoids and fatty liver disease: current knowledge and research gaps","volume":"1865","author":"Clugston","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids"},{"key":"S1368980024001502_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14010076"},{"key":"S1368980024001502_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14224930"},{"key":"S1368980024001502_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000002091"},{"key":"S1368980024001502_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1024\/0300-9831.75.2.161"},{"key":"S1368980024001502_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-082117-051841"},{"key":"S1368980024001502_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.760985"},{"key":"S1368980024001502_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/092986708783955400"},{"key":"S1368980024001502_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-021-00519-y"},{"key":"S1368980024001502_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119211"},{"key":"S1368980024001502_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.07.035"},{"key":"S1368980024001502_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2018.06.001"},{"key":"S1368980024001502_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14214505"},{"key":"S1368980024001502_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/an.115.009258"},{"key":"S1368980024001502_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11051101"},{"key":"S1368980024001502_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.1994.tb01430.x"},{"key":"S1368980024001502_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2019.01.006"},{"key":"S1368980024001502_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-018-1678-1"},{"key":"S1368980024001502_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181c74f7b"},{"key":"S1368980024001502_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0676.1993.tb00646.x"},{"key":"S1368980024001502_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11657-021-01047-9"},{"key":"S1368980024001502_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2238959"},{"key":"S1368980024001502_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/65.4.1220S"},{"key":"S1368980024001502_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2020.12.022"},{"key":"S1368980024001502_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.11.312"}],"container-title":["Public Health Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1368980024001502","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]],"date-time":"2024-09-24T03:12:35Z","timestamp":1727147555000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1368980024001502\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}},"alternative-id":["S1368980024001502"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1368980024001502","relation":{},"ISSN":["1368-9800","1475-2727"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1368-9800","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-2727","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Nutrition Society","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives licence (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided that no alterations are made and the original article is properly cited. The written permission of Cambridge University Press must be obtained prior to any commercial use and\/or adaptation of the article.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"e168"}}