{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T05:29:56Z","timestamp":1785562196486,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734566400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Nutr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980024002222_as1\">\n\t    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Despite bold commitments to reduce anaemia, little change in prevalence was observed over the past decade. We aimed to generate subnational maps of anaemia among women of reproductive age (WRA), malaria transmission and hemoglobinopathies to identify priority areas but also explore their geographical overlap.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980024002222_as2\">\n\t    <jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Using the most recent Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), we first mapped anaemia clusters across sub-Saharan Africa and identified the West and Central Africa (WCA) as a major cluster. Geographic clusters with high anaemia and related aetiologic factors were identified using spatial statistics. Multilevel regression models were run to identify factors associated with any, moderate and severe anaemia.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980024002222_as3\">\n\t    <jats:title>Settings:<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>West and Central African countries (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> 17).<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980024002222_as4\">\n\t    <jats:title>Participants:<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>WRA (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> 112 024) residing in seventeen WCA countries.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980024002222_as5\">\n\t    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>There was a significant overlap in geographical clusters of anaemia, malaria and hemoglobinopathies, particularly in the coastal areas of the WCA region. Low birth interval (0\u00b786 (0\u00b777, 0\u00b797)), number of childbirth (1\u00b712 (1\u00b702, 1\u00b723)) and being in the 15\u201319 age range (1\u00b747 (1\u00b709, 1\u00b798)) were associated with increased odds of any anaemia. Unimproved toilet facility and open defecation were associated with any anaemia, whereas the use of unclean cooking fuel was associated with moderate\/severe anaemia (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0\u00b705). Access to healthcare facility, living in malaria-prone areas and hemoglobinopathies (HbC and HbS) were all associated with any, moderate or severe anaemia.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980024002222_as6\">\n\t    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Interlinkages between infection, hemoglobinopathies and nutritional deficiencies complicate the aetiology of anaemia in the WCA region. Without renewed efforts to integrate activities and align various sectors in the prevention of anaemia, progress is likely to remain elusive.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1368980024002222","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T02:02:06Z","timestamp":1734573726000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Subnational mapping of anaemia and aetiologic factors in the West and Central African region"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7298-1096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaleab","family":"Baye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Addis Ababa University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bayuh Asmamaw","family":"Hailu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wollo University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simeon","family":"Nanama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Ntambi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2315-223X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arnaud","family":"Laillou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1368980024002222_ref17","first-page":"40","article-title":"Anemia of inflammation","volume":"133","author":"Weiss","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood J Am Soc Hematol"},{"key":"S1368980024002222_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-11819-0"},{"key":"S1368980024002222_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms1104"},{"key":"S1368980024002222_ref14","first-page":"97","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of iron supplementation and malaria chemoprophylaxis in the prevention of anaemia and malaria among Tanzanian infants","volume":"78","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"S1368980024002222_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03610929708831995"},{"key":"S1368980024002222_ref2","unstructured":"2. WHO\/UNICEF (2019) The Extension of the 2025 Maternal, Infant and Young Child Nutrition Targets to 2030. https:\/\/data.unicef.org\/resources\/who-unicef-discussion-paper-nutrition-targets\/ (accessed March 2023)."},{"key":"S1368980024002222_ref11","volume-title":"Interpolation of Spatial Data: Some Theory for Kriging","author":"Stein","year":"2012"},{"key":"S1368980024002222_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(13)70001-9"},{"key":"S1368980024002222_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2500-5"},{"key":"S1368980024002222_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1101436"},{"key":"S1368980024002222_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.116.142315"},{"key":"S1368980024002222_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.11.011"},{"key":"S1368980024002222_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08273-9"},{"key":"S1368980024002222_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315650982"},{"key":"S1368980024002222_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4137\/NMI.S5048"},{"key":"S1368980024002222_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.56.8.588"},{"key":"S1368980024002222_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.1874855"},{"key":"S1368980024002222_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(22)00084-5"},{"key":"S1368980024002222_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14092"},{"key":"S1368980024002222_ref5","unstructured":"5. WHO (2017) Nutritional Anaemias: Tools for Effective Prevention and Control. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241513067 (accessed February 2023)."},{"key":"S1368980024002222_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(22)00127-9"},{"key":"S1368980024002222_ref9","volume-title":"Hemoglobin Data in DHS Surveys: Intrinsic Variation and Measurement Error","author":"Pullum","year":"2017"}],"container-title":["Public Health Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1368980024002222","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T14:35:42Z","timestamp":1759847742000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1368980024002222\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"alternative-id":["S1368980024002222"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1368980024002222","relation":{},"ISSN":["1368-9800","1475-2727"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1368-9800","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-2727","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Nutrition Society","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"e6"}}