{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T18:46:42Z","timestamp":1780080402454,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]],"date-time":"2024-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732233600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Nutr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980024002283_as1\">\n\t    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>School-based interventions encouraging children to replace sugar-sweetened beverages with water show promise for reducing child overweight. However, students with child food insecurity (CFI) may not respond to nutrition interventions like children who are food-secure.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980024002283_as2\">\n\t    <jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>The Water First cluster-randomised trial found that school water access and promotion prevented child overweight and increased water intake. This secondary analysis used mixed-effects regression to evaluate the interaction between the Water First intervention and food insecurity, measured using the Child Food Security Assessment, on child weight status (anthropometric measurements) and dietary intake (student 24-h recalls, beverage intake surveys).<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980024002283_as3\">\n\t    <jats:title>Setting:<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Eighteen elementary schools (serving \u2265 50 % children from low-income households), in which drinking water had not been previously promoted, in the San Francisco Bay Area.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980024002283_as4\">\n\t    <jats:title>Participants:<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Students in fourth-grade classes (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> 1056).<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980024002283_as5\">\n\t    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Food insecurity interacted with the intervention. Among students with no CFI, the intervention group had a lower prevalence of obesity from baseline to 7 months (\u20130\u00b704, CI \u20130\u00b708, 0\u00b701) compared with no CFI controls (0\u00b701, CI \u20130\u00b701, 0\u00b704) (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0\u00b704). Among students with high CFI, the intervention group had a pronounced increase in the volume of water consumed between baseline and 7 months (86\u00b72 %, CI 21\u00b77, 185\u00b70 %) compared with high CFI controls (\u201313\u00b76 %, CI \u201345\u00b73, 36\u00b76 %) (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0\u00b702).<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980024002283_as6\">\n\t    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Addressing food insecurity in the design of water promotion interventions may enhance the benefit to children, reducing the prevalence of obesity.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1368980024002283","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]],"date-time":"2024-11-22T04:48:38Z","timestamp":1732250918000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The impact of a water promotion and access intervention on elementary school students in the presence of food insecurity"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Leslie","family":"Gerstenfeld","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Blacker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RUSH University Medical College"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles E","family":"McCulloch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8038-1821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorrene D","family":"Ritchie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valeria M","family":"Ordonez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford Department of Pediatrics"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California"},{"name":"University of California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anisha I","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford Department of Pediatrics"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1368980024002283_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2009.23"},{"key":"S1368980024002283_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0800852"},{"key":"S1368980024002283_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2016.04.025"},{"key":"S1368980024002283_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2020.106255"},{"key":"S1368980024002283_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5888\/pcd12.140368"},{"key":"S1368980024002283_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8010019"},{"key":"S1368980024002283_ref8","volume-title":"Food Security in the U.S","year":"2023"},{"key":"S1368980024002283_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.110.135988"},{"key":"S1368980024002283_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-12-16"},{"key":"S1368980024002283_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5888\/pcd14.160406"},{"key":"S1368980024002283_ref38","unstructured":"38. 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Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Nutrition Society","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"e2"}}