{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T18:06:51Z","timestamp":1790791611646,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736208000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Nutr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980024002623_as1\">\n\t    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>This study assessed the association between baseline sociodemographic variables, body composition and 4-year changes in the intake of food groups, including sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) among children, after the implementation of the health promotion levy.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980024002623_as2\">\n\t    <jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Prospective cohort study.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980024002623_as3\">\n\t    <jats:title>Setting:<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Ten schools in North West Province, South Africa.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980024002623_as4\">\n\t    <jats:title>Participants:<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>950 children aged 5\u20139 years at baseline and data of 672 children at follow-up. The frequency of intake from healthy and unhealthy food groups was assessed by questionnaire. Anthropometric and sociodemographic information were collected; BMI-for-age z-scores were calculated. The health promotion levy was implemented after baseline and follow-up measurements were done after 4 years. A random intercept generalised linear mixed model analysis was applied to investigate the time effect of the weekly intake of the foods adjusting for BMI-for-age z-scores and sociodemographic characteristics of the children.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980024002623_as5\">\n\t    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>The weekly frequency of intake from most food groups remained unchanged at follow-up. The frequency of SSB intake decreased significantly over 4 years. Decreased intake of SSB was not linked to increased intake of healthy foods. Changes in intakes from SSB were not associated with household income, parental education or BMI-for-age z-score categories. A decreased frequency of intake from SSB was observed following the implementation of the health promotion levy after baseline, in line with reports of national decreases in SSB sales in South Africa since 2017.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980024002623_as6\">\n\t    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>The decreased frequency of SSB intakes following the implementation of the health promotion levy in South Africa may indicate that health policies can promote healthier dietary habits.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1368980024002623","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T04:56:41Z","timestamp":1736225801000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Decreased frequency of sugar-sweetened beverages intake among young children following the implementation of the health promotion levy in South Africa"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5365-1777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H Salome","family":"Kruger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"North-West University"},{"name":"Medical Research Council North-West University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tertia","family":"van Zyl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North-West University"},{"name":"Medical Research Council North-West University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4156-8394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Makama A","family":"Monyeki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North-West University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristian","family":"Ricci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North-West University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruan","family":"Kruger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council North-West University"},{"name":"North-West University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1368980024002623_ref33","first-page":"5","article-title":"An introduction to the revised food-based dietary guidelines for South Africa","volume":"26","author":"Vorster","year":"2013","journal-title":"S Afr J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"S1368980024002623_ref23","volume-title":"Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion: Global School-Based Student Health Survey (GSHS) Purpose and Methodology","year":"2008"},{"key":"S1368980024002623_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jhn.13249"},{"key":"S1368980024002623_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32225-6"},{"key":"S1368980024002623_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2010.09.005"},{"key":"S1368980024002623_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1757975913476905"},{"key":"S1368980024002623_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2014.12.005"},{"key":"S1368980024002623_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7196\/sajch.678"},{"key":"S1368980024002623_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-05772-8"},{"key":"S1368980024002623_ref36","unstructured":"36. Department Basic Education (2012) Integrated School Health Policy, pp. 39. 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South African Revenue Service (2017) Health Promotion Levy on Sugary Beverages. In 14 [South African Revenue Services, editor]. Pretoria, South Africa. https:\/\/www.sars.gov.za\/customs-and-excise\/excise\/health-promotion-levy-on-sugary-beverages\/ (accessed January 2025)."},{"key":"S1368980024002623_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280215588569"},{"key":"S1368980024002623_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000002917"},{"key":"S1368980024002623_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/an.116.013144"},{"key":"S1368980024002623_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2014.12.003"},{"key":"S1368980024002623_ref19","volume-title":"Growth Reference Data for Children from 5 to 19 Years","year":"2009"},{"key":"S1368980024002623_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmac032"}],"container-title":["Public Health Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1368980024002623","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T14:39:06Z","timestamp":1759847946000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1368980024002623\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"alternative-id":["S1368980024002623"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1368980024002623","relation":{},"ISSN":["1368-9800","1475-2727"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1368-9800","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-2727","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Nutrition Society","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"e23"}}