{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T23:10:41Z","timestamp":1793229041227,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]],"date-time":"2025-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738540800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":33,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Nutr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980025000138_as1\">\n\t    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>The current study is an attempt to explore under-five child malnutrition in a low-income population setting using the Extended Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure (ECIAF).<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980025000138_as2\">\n\t    <jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Data from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2017\u20132018 were analysed. Malnutrition using ECIAF was estimated using stunting, wasting underweight and overweight. Multilevel logistic regression models identified factors associated with malnutrition. Geospatial analysis was conducted using R programming.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980025000138_as3\">\n\t    <jats:title>Setting:<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Bangladesh.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980025000138_as4\">\n\t    <jats:title>Participants:<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Children under 5 years of age.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980025000138_as5\">\n\t    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>In Bangladesh, as indicated by the ECIAF, approximately 40\u00b78 % (95 % CI: 39\u00b77, 41\u00b79) of children under five experience malnutrition, whereas about 3\u00b73 % (95 % CI: 2\u00b79, 3\u00b77) were overweight. Children of parents with no formal education (56\u00b73 %, 95 % CI: 50\u00b78, 61\u00b78), underweight mothers (53\u00b74 %, 95 % CI: 50\u00b74, 56\u00b73), belonging to the lowest socio-economic strata (50\u00b76 %, 95 % CI: 48\u00b73, 53\u00b70), residing in rural areas (43\u00b73 %, 95 % CI: 41\u00b79, 44\u00b76) and aged below 3 years (47\u00b77 %, 95 % CI: 45\u00b72, 50\u00b72) demonstrated a greater age- and sex-adjusted prevalence of malnutrition. The Sylhet division (Eastern region) exhibited a higher prevalence of malnutrition (&gt; 55\u00b70 %). Mothers with no formal education (adjusted OR (AOR): 1\u00b751, 95 % CI: 1\u00b708, 2\u00b710), underweight mother (AOR: 1\u00b754, 95 % CI: 1\u00b703, 1\u00b783), poorest socio-economic status (AOR: 2\u00b714, 95 % CI: 1\u00b764, 2\u00b781), children aged 24\u201335 months (AOR: 2\u00b737, 95 % CI: 1\u00b797, 2\u00b785) and fourth and above birth order children (AOR: 1\u00b741, 95 % CI: 1\u00b716, 1\u00b772) were identified key factors associated with childhood malnutrition while adjusting community- and household-level variations.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980025000138_as6\">\n\t    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>In Bangladesh, two out of five children were malnourished, and one in thirty-five children was overweight. Continuous monitoring of the ECIAF over time would facilitate tracking changes in the prevalence of different forms of malnutrition, helping to plan interventions and assess the effectiveness of interventions aimed at addressing both undernutrition and overweight.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1368980025000138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]],"date-time":"2025-02-03T07:01:07Z","timestamp":1738566067000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Exploring under-five child malnutrition in Bangladesh: analysis using the Extended Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure (ECIAF)"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Farzana Akhter","family":"Bornee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1934-1748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Rocky Khan","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bodrun Naher","family":"Siddiquea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baki","family":"Billah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farjana","family":"Akter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The People\u2019s University of Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md Nazmul","family":"Karim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1368980025000138_ref18","first-page":"409","article-title":"Composite index of anthropometric failure burden among hospitalized pediatric patients","volume":"90","author":"NASSAR","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med J Cairo Univ"},{"key":"S1368980025000138_ref24","unstructured":"24. 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Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Nutrition Society","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"e43"}}