{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T20:27:43Z","timestamp":1793305663913,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]],"date-time":"2025-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742947200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":84,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Nutr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980025000370_as1\">\n\t    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>There have been <jats:italic>unsafe levels of unpaired fructose<\/jats:italic> in the high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) in US beverages, and research\/case study evidence shows that their intake is associated with greater asthma prevalence\/risk\/incidence, a debilitating disease, likely due to fructose malabsorption, gut fructosylation and gut dysbiosis mechanisms. The \u2018unexplained\u2019 asthma epidemic has disproportionately affected children and Black individuals, groups with higher fructose malabsorption prevalence than others, and research to assess disproportionately higher asthma risk\/incidence among Black individuals in association with HFCS-sweetened beverage intake is lacking.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980025000370_as2\">\n\t    <jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Demographic, lifestyle and dietary data collected at enrollment (1985\u201386), and incident asthma through exam 5 (1995\u201396), were used in Cox proportional hazards models to assess HFCS intake associations (hazard ratios) with asthma risk\/incidence.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980025000370_as3\">\n\t    <jats:title>Setting:<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>CARDIA study participants from Birmingham, AL, Chicago, IL, Minneapolis, MN and Oakland, CA.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980025000370_as4\">\n\t    <jats:title>Participants:<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>1998 Black and 2104 White young adults.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980025000370_as5\">\n\t    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>HFCS-sweetened beverage intake &gt; once\/week <jats:italic>was<\/jats:italic> significantly associated with higher asthma risk relative to \u2264 once\/week (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>-trend = 0\u00b704), among Black participants only; risk was 2\u00b78 times higher among 2\u20134 times\/week consumers (HR = 2\u00b78, 95 % CI 1\u00b71, 7\u00b73, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0\u00b704) and 3\u00b75 times higher when consumed multiple times\/d, independent of <jats:italic>sucrose<\/jats:italic> intake\/obesity\/dietary quality\/smoking\/in-home smoke-exposure (HR = 3\u00b75, 95 % CI 1\u00b73, 9\u00b79, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0\u00b702). Intake of <jats:italic>orange juice<\/jats:italic>, with nominal unpaired fructose, was <jats:italic>not<\/jats:italic> associated with asthma in either group, <jats:italic>nor was intake of sucrose<\/jats:italic>, a disaccharide (paired) of fructose\/glucose.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980025000370_as6\">\n\t    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Ubiquitous HFCS in the US food supply, with HFCS that contains high\/unsafe unpaired fructose, also known as excess-free-fructose, and the fructose\/gut\/lung\/axis are overlooked risk factors in the \u2018unexplained\u2019 US asthma epidemic that disproportionately affects Black individuals.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1368980025000370","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]],"date-time":"2025-03-26T06:35:48Z","timestamp":1742970948000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Disproportionately higher asthma risk and incidence with high fructose corn syrup, but not sucrose intake, among Black young adults: the CARDIA Study"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3540-0405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luanne Robalo","family":"DeChristopher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hopewell Life Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7640-662X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine L","family":"Tucker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Massachusetts Lowell"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1368980025000370_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.01.007"},{"key":"S1368980025000370_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4168\/aair.2021.13.5.697"},{"key":"S1368980025000370_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(21)01299-2"},{"key":"S1368980025000370_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd-20-2189"},{"key":"S1368980025000370_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02770903.2016.1218014"},{"key":"S1368980025000370_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2017.05.003"},{"key":"S1368980025000370_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2012.10720445"},{"key":"S1368980025000370_ref21","unstructured":"21. DeChristopher, LR (2012) Consumption of Fructose and High Fructose Corn Syrup: Is Fructositis Triggered Bronchitis, Arthritis, & Auto-Immune Reactivity Merely a Side Bar in the Etiology of Metabolic Syndrome II (to be defined)? \u2013 Evidence and a Hypothesis. Available from the New York Medical College Library, 2012 May. https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/276920662"},{"key":"S1368980025000370_ref39","unstructured":"39. NIH Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study. https:\/\/www.nhlbi.nih.gov\/science\/coronary-artery-risk-development-young-adults-study-cardia (accessed April 2025)."},{"key":"S1368980025000370_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2017.09.056"},{"key":"S1368980025000370_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2016.08.004"},{"key":"S1368980025000370_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-020-00578-0"},{"key":"S1368980025000370_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02770903.2021.1895210"},{"key":"S1368980025000370_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2017.02.008"},{"key":"S1368980025000370_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14600"},{"key":"S1368980025000370_ref9","article-title":"Prenatal and early-life fructose, fructose-containing beverages, and mid-childhood asthma","author":"Wright","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"S1368980025000370_ref41","first-page":"15","article-title":"A study of the reliability and comparative validity of the cardia dietary history","volume":"4","author":"Liu","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ethn Dis"},{"key":"S1368980025000370_ref22","unstructured":"22. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 28. Nutrient Data Laboratory Home Page. Last modified: 4\/1\/2020. https:\/\/www.ars.usda.gov\/northeast-area\/beltsville-md-bhnrc\/beltsville-human-nutrition-research-center\/methods-and-application-of-food-composition-laboratory\/mafcl-site-pages\/sr11-sr28\/; https:\/\/www.ars.usda.gov\/ARSUserFiles\/80400525\/Data\/SR\/SR28\/reports\/sr28fg09.pdf (accessed April 2025)."},{"key":"S1368980025000370_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.12.1678"},{"key":"S1368980025000370_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2010.255"},{"key":"S1368980025000370_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-015-0097-x"},{"key":"S1368980025000370_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D0FO00450B"},{"key":"S1368980025000370_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2632","DOI":"10.3390\/nu6072632","article-title":"Metabolic fate of fructose ingested with and without glucose in a mixed meal","volume":"6","author":"Theytaz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"S1368980025000370_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/an.117.016154"},{"key":"S1368980025000370_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12113444"},{"key":"S1368980025000370_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-024-00978-6"},{"key":"S1368980025000370_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2023.5247"},{"key":"S1368980025000370_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.12246"},{"key":"S1368980025000370_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nutd.2016.7"},{"key":"S1368980025000370_ref49","unstructured":"49. United States Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service. Food Availability (Per Capita) Data System. https:\/\/www.ers.usda.gov\/data-products\/food-availability-per-capita-data-system\/food-availability-per-capita-data-system\/#Loss-Adjusted%20Food%20Availability (accessed April 2025)."},{"key":"S1368980025000370_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40348-016-0035-9"},{"key":"S1368980025000370_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2014.04.003"},{"key":"S1368980025000370_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.2292"},{"key":"S1368980025000370_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2014.73"},{"key":"S1368980025000370_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2024.141175"},{"key":"S1368980025000370_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/4391920"},{"key":"S1368980025000370_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss7005a1"},{"key":"S1368980025000370_ref34","unstructured":"34. Moorman, JE , Rudd, RA , Johnson, CA et al. (2007) National surveillance for asthma\u2014United States, 1980\u20142004. MMWR Surveill Summ 56(SS08), 1\u201314; 18\u201354. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mmwr\/preview\/mmwrhtml\/ss5608a1.htm"},{"key":"S1368980025000370_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114518000417"},{"key":"S1368980025000370_ref20","unstructured":"20. Federal Register (1996) Volume 61, Number 165. August 23, 1996. Rules and Regulations, Pages 43447\u201343450. From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [FR Doc No.: 9621482]. https:\/\/www.gpo.gov\/fdsys\/pkg\/FR-1996-08-23\/html\/96-21482.htm%20 (accessed April 2025)."},{"key":"S1368980025000370_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nutd.2016.46"},{"key":"S1368980025000370_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-082117-051707"},{"key":"S1368980025000370_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2012.09.020"},{"key":"S1368980025000370_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2014.153"},{"key":"S1368980025000370_ref37","unstructured":"37. Daniels, LA (1984) Coke, Pepsi to Use More Corn Syrup. The New York Times Archives. November 7, 1984. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1984\/11\/07\/business\/coke-pepsi-to-use-more-corn-syrup.html"},{"key":"S1368980025000370_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00008483-198911000-00003"},{"key":"S1368980025000370_ref43","unstructured":"43. American Lung Association Tobacco Use in Racial and Ethnic Populations. https:\/\/www.lung.org\/quit-smoking\/smoking-facts\/impact-of-tobacco-use\/tobacco-use-racial-and-ethnic (accessed April 2025)."},{"key":"S1368980025000370_ref38","unstructured":"38. Ogden, CL , Kit, BK , Carroll, MD et al. (2011) Consumption of sugar drinks in the United States, 2005\u20132008. NCHS Data Brief 1\u20138. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/22617020\/"},{"key":"S1368980025000370_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980015000865"},{"key":"S1368980025000370_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-024-00919-3"}],"container-title":["Public Health Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1368980025000370","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T15:19:35Z","timestamp":1759850375000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1368980025000370\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"alternative-id":["S1368980025000370"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1368980025000370","relation":{},"ISSN":["1368-9800","1475-2727"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1368-9800","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-2727","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Nutrition Society","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"e92"}}