{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T22:21:21Z","timestamp":1789683681363,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]],"date-time":"2025-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756252800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":238,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Nutr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980025100967_as1\">\n\t    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>To estimate the potential health benefits from the reduction in consumption of salt and sugar following the introduction of a proposed tax on salt and sugar in the United Kingdom (UK).<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980025100967_as2\">\n\t    <jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Epidemiological modelling study. Life table modelling was used to estimate the expected population health benefits from the reduction in consumption of salt and sugar for four scenarios, each reflecting different manufacturer and consumer responses the proposed tax. Relative risks for twenty-four disease\u2013risk pairs were applied, exploring different pathways between salt and sugar consumption, and mortality and morbidity.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980025100967_as3\">\n\t    <jats:title>Setting:<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>UK.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980025100967_as4\">\n\t    <jats:title>Participants:<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Population of the UK.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980025100967_as5\">\n\t    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>The results show that life expectancy in the UK could be increased by 1\u00b77 (0\u00b73\u20133\u00b76) to 4\u00b79 (1\u00b70\u20139\u00b74) months, depending on the degree of industry and consumer response to the tax. The tax could also lead to up to nearly 2 (0\u00b74\u20133\u00b76) million fewer cases of preventable chronic diseases and an increase of as much as 3\u00b75 (0\u00b78\u20136\u00b74) million years of life gained. The largest health benefits would accrue from reduced mortality and morbidity from CVD.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980025100967_as6\">\n\t    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Significant benefits to population health could be expected from extending the current tax on sugar-sweetened beverages to other sugary foods and from adding a tax on foods high in salt. The proposed dietary changes are likely to be insufficient to reach national public health targets; hence, additional measures to reduce the burden of chronic disease in the UK will be equally critical to consider.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1368980025100967","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]],"date-time":"2025-08-27T10:03:00Z","timestamp":1756288980000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Population health impacts from the taxation of salt and sugar in the United Kingdom"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8505-116X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Eustachio Colombo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine"},{"name":"Karolinska Institutet"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Milner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine"},{"name":"London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Pastorino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine"},{"name":"London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5850-6715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosemary","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1368980025100967_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"40. 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WHO (2024) Fiscal Policies to Promote Healthy Diets: WHO Guideline, 1st ed. Geneva: World Health Organization. p. 1."},{"key":"S1368980025100967_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodpol.2018.06.008"},{"key":"S1368980025100967_ref55","unstructured":"55. UK Health Forum (2018) Public Health and the Food and Drinks Industry: The Governance and Ethics of Interaction. Lessons from Research, Policy and Practice (Internet). https:\/\/idrc-crdi.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/sp\/Documents%20EN\/ukhf-casebook-jan18.pdf (accessed 12 January 2022)."},{"key":"S1368980025100967_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0118873"},{"key":"S1368980025100967_ref18","unstructured":"18. Public Health England (2018) Sugar Reduction and Wider Reformulation Programme: Report on Progress towards the First 5 % Reduction and Next Steps (Internet). https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/709008\/Sugar_reduction_progress_report.pdf (accessed 05 September 2022)."},{"key":"S1368980025100967_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.46756\/sci.fsa.ljo674"},{"key":"S1368980025100967_ref15","volume-title":"The Impact of a Tax on Added Sugar and Salt","author":"Griffith","year":"2021"}],"container-title":["Public Health Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1368980025100967","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T16:15:43Z","timestamp":1759853743000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1368980025100967\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"alternative-id":["S1368980025100967"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1368980025100967","relation":{},"ISSN":["1368-9800","1475-2727"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1368-9800","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-2727","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Nutrition Society","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike licence (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the same Creative Commons licence is used to distribute the re-used or adapted article and the original article is properly cited. The written permission of Cambridge University Press must be obtained prior to any commercial use.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"e153"}}