{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T18:11:15Z","timestamp":1782497475099,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]],"date-time":"2025-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756252800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":238,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Nutr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980025100980_as1\">\n\t    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>With the re-emerging homelessness issue in Hong Kong, given its least affordable housing, securing food to meet the basic physiological needs is of priority concern for the homeless. This study aims to examine the situation and determinants of food insecurity among the homeless in Hong Kong.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980025100980_as2\">\n\t    <jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Cross-sectional survey on food insecurity level, socio-demographic characteristics, homeless experiences and health status and behaviours.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980025100980_as3\">\n\t    <jats:title>Setting:<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>360 community hot spots of homeless people identified by NGO and experienced social workers in different districts of Hong Kong in 2021.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980025100980_as4\">\n\t    <jats:title>Participants:<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>711 individuals experiencing homelessness.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980025100980_as5\">\n\t    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>The observed prevalence of low, medium and high food insecurity levels was 37\u00b74 %, 20\u00b74 % and 42\u00b72 %, respectively. Results from multivariable ordinal logistic regression showed that older, female, non-Chinese and non-married respondents were inversely associated with food insecurity, whereas having sufficient savings for more proper housing was the primary determinant among socio-economic indicators. In addition to reasons for homelessness, risk factors of food insecurity included living in guesthouses\/hotels and difficulties due to government measures on homeless control. Except for disability, both self-rated physical and mental health statuses showed dose\u2013response relationships with food insecurity level.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980025100980_as6\">\n\t    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>The substantial individual variations in socio-demographic statuses, homeless experiences and health deficits shaped the differential risks of food insecurity within the homeless community in Hong Kong. Targeted homeless programmes should go beyond the conventionally vulnerable groups but consider the multifaceted nature of homeless experiences in relation to food access and integrate health assessments to holistically support the homeless.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1368980025100980","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]],"date-time":"2025-08-27T10:03:01Z","timestamp":1756288981000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Determinants of food insecurity in homeless people: evidence from the territory-wide homeless census in Hong Kong"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8652-212X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gary Ka-Ki","family":"Chung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong"},{"name":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Crystal Ying","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siu Ming","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The City University of Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hung","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong"},{"name":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1368980025100980_ref53","unstructured":"53. OECD (2024) HC3.1. Population Experiencing Homelessness. OECD Social Policy Division, Directorate of Employment, Labour and Social Affairs. https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/content\/dam\/oecd\/en\/data\/datasets\/affordable-housing-database\/hc3-1-homeless-population.pdf (accessed 16 June 2025)."},{"key":"S1368980025100980_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-4560.1990.tb01800.x"},{"key":"S1368980025100980_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-021-02828-y"},{"key":"S1368980025100980_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1080\/13676261.2015.1020930","article-title":"Longitudinal predictors of homelessness: findings from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-97","volume":"18","author":"Sznajder-Murray","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Youth Stud"},{"key":"S1368980025100980_ref54","unstructured":"54. 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