{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T13:18:06Z","timestamp":1785417486563,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766361600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Nutr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980025101511_as1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study is the first study in Middle Eastern population that aimed to investigate the association between global diet quality score (GDQS) and risk of hypertension (HTN) in Iranian adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980025101511_as2\">\n                    <jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This population-based cohort study was conducted on 5718 individuals aged \u2265 18 years from the third and fourth Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study surveys, who were followed until the sixth survey (mean follow-up: 7\u00b78 years). Dietary data were collected using a validated FFQ to calculate GDQS as a novel food-based metric designed to assess diet quality across diverse populations. It evaluates the adequacy of healthy food groups (e.g. fruits, vegetables and whole grains) while monitoring the moderation of unhealthy or excessive intake (e.g. refined grains, processed meats and sugary foods).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980025101511_as3\">\n                    <jats:title>Setting:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980025101511_as4\">\n                    <jats:title>Participants:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Iranian men and women.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980025101511_as5\">\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Participants had a mean (\n                      <jats:sc>sd<\/jats:sc>\n                      ) age of 37\u00b77 (\n                      <jats:sc>sd<\/jats:sc>\n                      12\u00b78) years, BMI of 26\u00b76 (\n                      <jats:sc>sd<\/jats:sc>\n                      4\u00b77) kg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      and GDQS of 25\u00b73 (\n                      <jats:sc>sd<\/jats:sc>\n                      4\u00b74). During the 7\u00b78-year follow-up, 1302 (18 %) new cases of HTN were identified. Higher GDQS and its healthy components were associated with reduced HTN risk (hazard ratio (HR): 0\u00b783; 95 % CI: 0\u00b770, 0\u00b798;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>trend<\/jats:sub>\n                      = 0\u00b7034 and HR: 0\u00b778; 95 % CI: 0\u00b765, 0\u00b792;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>trend<\/jats:sub>\n                      = 0\u00b7005, respectively), while unhealthy components of GDQS showed no association with HTN risk (HR: 1\u00b714; 95 % CI: 0\u00b798, 1\u00b733;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>trend<\/jats:sub>\n                      = 0\u00b7059). These protective associations were observed across all weight categories and both genders, with stronger effects among obese individuals (for GDQS: HR: 0\u00b775; 95 % CI: 0\u00b758, 0\u00b798;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0\u00b7041; for healthy components: HR: 0\u00b775; 95 % CI: 0\u00b757, 0\u00b799;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0\u00b7044) and females (for GDQS: HR: 0\u00b777; 95 % CI: 0\u00b762, 0\u00b797;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0\u00b7028; for healthy components: HR: 0\u00b776; 95 % CI: 0\u00b760, 0\u00b796;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0\u00b7023).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980025101511_as7\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A higher GDQS was associated with a reduced risk of incident HTN among Iranian adults. Adherence to a high-quality diet, particularly focusing on the healthy dietary components of GDQS, may serve as an effective strategy for preventing HTN, especially among obese individuals and women.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1368980025101511","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T07:42:12Z","timestamp":1766389332000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Global diet quality score and risk of hypertension in Iranian adults: Tehran lipid and glucose study"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Parvin","family":"Mirmiran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/034m2b326","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Research Institute for Endocrine Disorders, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences"},{"name":"National Nutrition and 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Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Nutrition Society","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives licence (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided that no alterations are made and the original article is properly cited. The written permission of Cambridge University Press or the rights holder(s) must be obtained prior to any commercial use and\/or adaptation of the article.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"e19"}}