{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:43:25Z","timestamp":1790037805358,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769385600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":25,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Nutr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980026101906_as1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine whether gestational vitamin D status modulates the effect of pre-pregnancy obesity on gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) risk while stratifying by maternal age.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980026101906_as2\">\n                    <jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Birth cohort.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980026101906_as3\">\n                    <jats:title>Setting:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A major maternity hospital in Kuwait.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980026101906_as4\">\n                    <jats:title>Participants:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Pregnant women in their second\/third trimester of gestation were enrolled. Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) was categorised as under\/normal weight (&lt; 25\u00b70), overweight (25\u00b70 to &lt; 30\u00b70) and obesity (\u2265 30\u00b70). Gestational 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations were categorised as deficiency (&lt; 50 nmol\/l) or insufficiency\/sufficiency (\u2265 50 nmol\/l). GDM status was ascertained according to international guidelines. Adjusted OR (aOR) and 95 % CI were estimated using logistic regression.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980026101906_as5\">\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Data from 957 pregnant women were analysed, with GDM affecting 166 (17\u00b74 %) pregnancies. Pre-pregnancy obesity and gestational vitamin D deficiency were ascertained in 275 (28\u00b77 %) and 533 (55\u00b77 %) pregnant women, respectively. The association between pre-pregnancy obesity and GDM risk differed according to maternal age and gestational vitamin D status (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>interaction[BMI \u00d7 age \u00d7 vitamin D]<\/jats:sub>\n                      = 0\u00b7041). Among women aged &lt; 35 years (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      710), pre-pregnancy obesity compared to under\/normal weight was associated with increased GDM risk among women with gestational vitamin D deficiency (aOR: 2\u00b772, 95 % CI: 1\u00b718, 6\u00b723) and vitamin D insufficiency\/sufficiency (2\u00b755, 1\u00b715, 5\u00b762). In contrast, among women aged \u2265 35 years (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      247), pre-pregnancy obesity compared to under\/normal weight was associated with increased GDM risk among women with gestational vitamin D deficiency (6\u00b792, 1\u00b745, 33\u00b704), but not among women with vitamin D insufficiency\/sufficiency (1\u00b713, 0\u00b736, 3\u00b756).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1368980026101906_as6\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Gestational vitamin D status modulates the effect of pre-pregnancy obesity on GDM risk in an age-specific manner.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1368980026101906","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T07:31:13Z","timestamp":1769412673000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Vitamin D status during pregnancy modulates the effect of pre-pregnancy obesity on gestational diabetes mellitus risk: a birth cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3099-4424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali H.","family":"Ziyab","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/021e5j056","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Kuwait University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7421-3381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdullah","family":"Al-Taiar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Macon & Joan Brock Virginia Health Sciences 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