{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T01:13:52Z","timestamp":1788830032093,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775779200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":99,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Nutr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S136898002610247X_as1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To optimise school food baskets in Ghana to meet newly proposed food and nutrition targets while considering cultural acceptability and cost.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S136898002610247X_as2\">\n                    <jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This was a modelling study. Data on existing school meal menus were collected from various regions to provide baseline inputs. Linear programming (LP) was used to model school meal baskets that satisfied minimum nutrient and food targets for school meals while meeting cost and acceptability constraints. Five LP models were tested, each varying in budget constraints and acceptability\/food-based parameters.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S136898002610247X_as3\">\n                    <jats:title>Setting:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ghana.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S136898002610247X_as4\">\n                    <jats:title>Participants:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>NA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S136898002610247X_as6\">\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Baseline school food baskets were significantly deficient in energy, protein, Fe, Zn, vitamin A, folate, vitamin B\n                      <jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>\n                      and vitamin C compared to food and nutrient standards for school meals in Ghana. Optimisation resulted in school food baskets that met cost, nutrient and food-based\/acceptability targets but with substantial deviations from baseline. Achieving nutritional adequacy within cost limits increased reliance on animal-source foods and led to higher environmental impacts, indicating trade-offs between nutrition, affordability and environmental sustainability.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S136898002610247X_as7\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study underscores LP\u2019s potential for enhancing school meals in Ghana but highlights the need for increased financial investment for reaching dietary goals. Addressing local realities and cultural preferences is essential for implementing effective, sustainable school meal strategies and improving child health.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s136898002610247x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T07:21:28Z","timestamp":1775805688000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Optimising school meals in Ghana: integrating new food and nutrient standards with aspects of affordability, cultural acceptability and environmental sustainability"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8505-116X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Eustachio Colombo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00a0jsq62","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Department of Population Health"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/056d84691","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Karolinska Institute"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandr","family":"Parlesak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Copenhagen"},{"name":"Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg Cooperative State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gloria","family":"Folson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boateng","family":"Bannerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Audrey","family":"Anang-Tetteh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Ador","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lois","family":"Ackah-Swanzy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5865-7468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melissa","family":"Vargas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FAO"},{"name":"Wageningen University & Research"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4667-592X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richmond","family":"Aryeetey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4977-2549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aulo","family":"Gelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Food Policy Research Institute"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"S136898002610247X_ref5","volume-title":"State of School Feeding Worldwide 2022","year":"2022"},{"key":"S136898002610247X_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN20051641"},{"key":"S136898002610247X_ref29","volume-title":"Numerical Optimization","author":"Nocedal","year":"2006"},{"key":"S136898002610247X_ref32","volume-title":"Developing Holistic Nutrition Guidelines and Standards for School Meals: A Global Methodology","year":"2025"},{"key":"S136898002610247X_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2010.10719845"},{"key":"S136898002610247X_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxz079"},{"key":"S136898002610247X_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60937-X"},{"key":"S136898002610247X_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000371618"},{"key":"S136898002610247X_ref23","volume-title":"RIING Nutrient Database: A Compilation of Nutrient Compositions of Various Foods under the Research to Improve Infant Nutrition and Growth Project (2003\u20132008)","author":"Bannerman","year":"2018"},{"key":"S136898002610247X_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/156482651403500205"},{"key":"S136898002610247X_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-007364"},{"key":"S136898002610247X_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2023.111977"},{"key":"S136898002610247X_ref33","unstructured":"33. 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Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Nutrition Society","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives licence (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided that no alterations are made and the original article is properly cited. The written permission of Cambridge University Press or the rights holder(s) must be obtained prior to any commercial use and\/or adaptation of the article.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"e99"}}