{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T12:41:20Z","timestamp":1785415280674,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780531200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":154,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Nutr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective:<\/jats:title>\n To evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on physical growth, nutritional intake and immune function in children aged 12\u201324 months.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design:<\/jats:title>\n A cross-sectional analysis was conducted utilising data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Pre-pandemic (2017\u20132018) and pandemic (2021\u20132023) cohorts were compared.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Setting:<\/jats:title>\n Nationally representative data from the United States.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Participants:<\/jats:title>\n \n Children aged 12\u201324 months (pre-pandemic:\n n<\/jats:italic>\n 3 904 863; pandemic:\n n<\/jats:italic>\n 3 496 904).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n No significant differences were observed in physical growth (weight, length and BMI) or macronutrient intake between cohorts. Pandemic-born children had lower vitamin A (437\u00b70\n v<\/jats:italic>\n . 540\u00b70 mcg\/d,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0\u00b7006) and B\n 12<\/jats:sub>\n (2\u00b77\n v<\/jats:italic>\n . 3\u00b74 mcg\/d,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0\u00b7009) intake but higher vitamin C intake (87\u00b70\n v<\/jats:italic>\n . 62\u00b78 mg\/d,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0\u00b7001). Inflammatory markers (neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio and systemic immune-inflammation index) showed minor age- and sex-specific variations but remained within normal ranges. Environmental toxin exposure (cadmium and mercury) was significantly reduced during the pandemic.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n The COVID-19 pandemic did not substantially alter growth, nutrition or immune function in infants and toddlers, though micronutrient intakes and toxin exposure shifted. Long-term monitoring is warranted.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1368980026102808","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T09:58:08Z","timestamp":1780567088000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on growth, nutrition and immune function in infants and toddlers"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Yingli","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaoxing Vocational & Technical College"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongshui","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanming First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9037-638X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tiantai People\u2019s Hospital of Zhejiang Province"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05m0wv206","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]},"container-title":["Public Health Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1368980026102808","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T07:03:10Z","timestamp":1782370990000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1368980026102808\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"alternative-id":["S1368980026102808"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1368980026102808","relation":{},"ISSN":["1368-9800","1475-2727"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1368-9800","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-2727","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2026. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Nutrition Society","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"e132"}}