{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T23:07:27Z","timestamp":1794006447001,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,16]],"date-time":"2007-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1179273600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microsc Microanal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Morphological and chemical characteristics were determined for airborne tungsten particles in Fallon, Nevada, a town that is distinguishable environmentally by elevated airborne tungsten and cobalt. From samples of airborne dust collected previously at six different places in Fallon, tungsten-rich dust particles were isolated and analyzed with automated electron microprobe and wavelength-dispersive spectrometry. Representative W particles were further analyzed using transmission electron microscopy. Morphologically, Fallon W particles are angular and small, with minimum and maximum sizes of \u22641 \u03bcm and 5.9 \u03bcm in diameter, respectively. The number and size of tungsten-rich particles decrease in Fallon with distance from a hard-metal facility located near the center of town. Chemically, Fallon airborne W particles include mixtures of tungsten with cobalt plus other metals such as chromium, iron, and copper. No W-rich particles were identifiable as CaWO<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>(scheelite) or MnWO<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>(huebnerite). From d-spacings, Fallon particles are most consistent with identification as tungsten carbide. Based on these multiple lines of evidence, airborne W particles in Fallon are anthropogenic in origin, not natural. The hard-metal facility in Fallon processes finely powdered W and W-Co, and further investigation using tracer particles is recommended to definitively identify the source of Fallon's airborne tungsten.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1431927607070237","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,16]],"date-time":"2007-07-16T15:26:21Z","timestamp":1184599581000},"page":"296-303","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Morphological and Chemical Characteristics of Airborne Tungsten Particles of Fallon, Nevada"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Paul R.","family":"Sheppard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Toepfer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elaine","family":"Schumacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kent","family":"Rhodes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary","family":"Ridenour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark L.","family":"Witten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1431927607070237_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sheppard, P.R. , Speakman, R.J. , Ridenour, G. & Witten, M.L. (2007b).Using lichen chemistry to assess tungsten and cobalt in Fallon,Nevada.Environ Monit Assess(DOI: 10.1007\/s10661-006-9440-1).","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-006-9440-1"},{"key":"S1431927607070237_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seiler, R.L. (2006).Comment on \u201cElevated tungsten and cobalt in airborneparticulates in Fallon, Nevada: Possible implications for the childhoodleukemia cluster\u201d by P.R. Sheppard, G. Ridenour, R.J. Speakman &M.L. Witten.Appl Geochem 21,713\u2013714.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2006.02.001"},{"key":"S1431927607070237_ref017","unstructured":"Nevada State Health Division .(2004).New childhood leukemia case confirmed.News release, December 20, 2004. Available at: http:\/\/health2k.state.nv.us\/pio\/releases\/122004PressRelLeukemia.pdf."},{"key":"S1431927607070237_ref013","unstructured":"McCrone, W.C. & Delly, J.G. (1973).The Particle Atlas, 2nd ed., Volume III: The Electron MicroscopyAtlas.Ann Arbor, MI:Ann Arbor Science."},{"key":"S1431927607070237_ref028","unstructured":"U.S. Agency for Toxic Substances and DiseaseRegistry .(2002).Evaluation of potential exposures from the Fallon JP-8 fuelpipeline.Atlanta, GA:U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for ToxicSubstances and Disease Registry. Available at: http:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/HAC\/PHA\/fallonpipe\/fallon_toc.html."},{"key":"S1431927607070237_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kinlen, L.J. (2004).Childhood leukemia, military aviation facilities, and populationmixing.Environ Health Perspec 112,A797\u2013A798.","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.112-a797"},{"key":"S1431927607070237_ref009","unstructured":"Johannesson, K.H. , Lyons, W.B. , Graham, E.Y. & Welch, K.A. (2000).Oxyanion concentrations in Eastern Sierra Nevada rivers\u20133.Boron, molybdenum, vanadium, and tungsten.Aquat Geochem 6,19\u201346."},{"key":"S1431927607070237_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kinlen, L. & Doll, R. (2004).Population mixing and childhood leukaemia: Fallon and other USclusters.Brit J Canc 91,1\u20133.","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6601982"},{"key":"S1431927607070237_ref008","unstructured":"HI-Q Environmental Products Company .(2003).Air Sampling Equipment, Systems & Accessories.San Diego, CA:HI-Q."},{"key":"S1431927607070237_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sheppard, P.R. , Ridenour, G. , Speakman, R.J. & Witten, M.L. (2006).Elevated tungsten and cobalt in airborne particulates in Fallon,Nevada: Possible implications for the childhood leukemia cluster.Appl Geochem 21,152\u2013165.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2005.09.012"},{"key":"S1431927607070237_ref005","unstructured":"Goodale, A.M. (2005, November 25).Kennametal official: Nothing new in recent tungsten, cobaltreport. Reno Gazette-Journal."},{"key":"S1431927607070237_ref002","unstructured":"Expert Panel .(2004).Final Report and Recommendations to the Nevada State HealthDivision, Expert Panel on Childhood Leukemia in Churchill County,Nevada. Available at: http:\/\/health2k.state.nv.us\/healthofficer\/leukaemia\/FALLONexpertpanel022304.pdf."},{"key":"S1431927607070237_ref016","unstructured":"Mullen, Frank X., Jr. (2003, February 6).No pollution controls in tungsten plant.Reno Gazette-Journal."},{"key":"S1431927607070237_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldstein, J.I. , Newbury, D.E. , Echlin, P. , Joy, D.C. , Romig, A.D. , Lyman, C.E. , Fioro, C. & Lifshin, E. (1992).Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-ray Microanalysis,2nd ed. New York:Plenum Press.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-0491-3"},{"key":"S1431927607070237_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seiler, R.L. , Stollenwerk, K.G. & Garbarino, J.R. (2005).Factors controlling tungsten concentrations in ground water, CarsonDesert, Nevada.Appl Geochem 20,423\u2013441.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2004.09.002"},{"key":"S1431927607070237_ref007","unstructured":"Heiken, J.H. (Ed.).(1986).Atmospheric Tracer Technology and Applications.Park Ridge, NJ:Noyes Publications."},{"key":"S1431927607070237_ref025","unstructured":"Stager, H.K. & Tingley, J.V. (1988).Tungsten Deposits in Nevada.Reno, NV:University of Nevada-Reno School of Mines, Nevada Bureau of Minesand Geology, Bulletin 105."},{"key":"S1431927607070237_ref006","unstructured":"Harris, P.M. & Humphreys, D.S.C. (1983).Tungsten: A Review.London, UK:Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, Occasional Papers of theInstitution of Mining and Metallurgy, Paper 2."},{"key":"S1431927607070237_ref030","unstructured":"U.S. Agency for Toxic Substances and DiseaseRegistry .(2003b).Surface water, sediment, and biota human exposure pathway analysisfor Churchill County: Fallon Leukemia Project, Fallon, Churchill County,Nevada.Atlanta, GA:U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for ToxicSubstances and Disease Registry. Available at: http:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/HAC\/PHA\/fallonwater\/finalwater.pdf."},{"key":"S1431927607070237_ref033","unstructured":"U.S. Agency for Toxic Substances and DiseaseRegistry .(2005).Public health statement for tungsten.Atlanta, GA:U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for ToxicSubstances and Disease Registry. Available at: http:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/toxprofiles\/phs186.html."},{"key":"S1431927607070237_ref012","unstructured":"Lee, K.W. & Mukund, R. (2001).Filter collection. InAerosol Measurement: Principles, Techniques, andApplications,2nd ed., Baron, P.A. & Willeke, K. (Eds.), pp.197\u2013228.New York:Wiley."},{"key":"S1431927607070237_ref032","unstructured":"U.S. Agency for Toxic Substances and DiseaseRegistry .(2004).Churchill County tap water: Fallon Leukemia Project, Fallon,Churchill County, Nevada.Atlanta, GA:U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for ToxicSubstances and Disease Registry. Available at: http:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/HAC\/PHA\/fallonleukemia2\/fln_toc.html."},{"key":"S1431927607070237_ref018","unstructured":"Pye, K. (1987).Aeolian Dust and Dust Deposits.London, UK:Academic Press."},{"key":"S1431927607070237_ref029","unstructured":"U.S. Agency for Toxic Substances and DiseaseRegistry .(2003a).Air exposure pathway and assessment: Fallon leukemia clusterinvestigation.Atlanta, GA:U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for ToxicSubstances and Disease Registry. Available at: http:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/HAC\/PHA\/fallonair\/finalair.pdf."},{"key":"S1431927607070237_ref034","unstructured":"U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention .(2003a).A cross-sectional exposure assessment of environmental exposures inChurchill County, Nevada.Atlanta, GA:U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at:http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nceh\/clusters\/fallon."},{"key":"S1431927607070237_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steinmaus, C. , Lu, M. , Todd, R.L. & Smith, A.H. (2004).Probability estimates for the unique childhood leukemia cluster inFallon, Nevada, and risks near other U.S. military aviationfacilities.Environ Health Perspect 112,766\u2013771.","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.6592"},{"key":"S1431927607070237_ref014","unstructured":"McCrone, W.C. , Draftz, R.G. & Delly, J.G. (1967).The Particle Atlas.Ann Arbor, MI:Ann Arbor Science."},{"key":"S1431927607070237_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sheppard, P.R. , Speakman, R.J. , Ridenour, G. , Glascock, M.D. , Farris, C. & Witten, M.L. (2007a).Spatial patterns of tungsten and cobalt in surface dust of Fallon,Nevada.Environ Geochem Hlth(DOI: 10.1007\/s10653-007-9085-1).","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-007-9085-1"},{"key":"S1431927607070237_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moore, L.E. , Lu, M. & Smith, A.H. (2002).Childhood cancer incidence and arsenic exposure in drinking water inNevada.Arch Environ Health 57,201\u2013206.","DOI":"10.1080\/00039890209602937"},{"key":"S1431927607070237_ref035","unstructured":"U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention .(2003b).Exposure to tungsten in three Nevada communities.Report to the Nevada State Health Division. Available at:http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nceh\/clusters\/fallon\/tungsten_report.pdf."},{"key":"S1431927607070237_ref027","unstructured":"Twenhofel, W.H. & Tyler, S.A. (1941).Methods of Study of Sediments.New York:McGraw-Hill Book Company."},{"key":"S1431927607070237_ref031","unstructured":"U.S. Agency for Toxic Substances and DiseaseRegistry .(2003c).Pathway assessment for Churchill County surface soils andresidential indoor dust: Fallon Leukemia Project, Fallon, ChurchillCounty, Nevada.Atlanta, GA:U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for ToxicSubstances and Disease Registry. Available at: http:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/HAC\/PHA\/fallonsoil\/finalsoil.pdf."},{"key":"S1431927607070237_ref001","unstructured":"Eadie, G.G. & Bernhardt, D.E. (1976).Sampling and Data Reporting Considerations for Airborne ParticulateRadioactivity.Las Vegas, Nevada:Technical Note ORP\/LV-76-9,U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of RadiationPrograms."},{"key":"S1431927607070237_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seiler, R.L. (2004).Temporal changes in water quality at a childhood leukemiacluster.Ground Water 42,446\u2013455.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02692.x"},{"key":"S1431927607070237_ref003","unstructured":"Fletcher, R.A. , Small, J.A. & Scott, J.H.J. (2001).Analysis of individual collected particles. InAerosol Management: Principles, Techniques, and Applications, Baron, P.A. & Willeke, K. (Eds.), pp.295\u2013363.New York:Wiley Interscience."}],"container-title":["Microscopy and Microanalysis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1431927607070237","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]],"date-time":"2023-02-14T20:37:07Z","timestamp":1676407027000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/mam\/article\/13\/4\/296\/6912717"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,16]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S1431927607070237"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1431927607070237","relation":{},"ISSN":["1431-9276","1435-8115"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1431-9276","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-8115","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,16]]}}}