{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T15:32:00Z","timestamp":1793374320073,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is a highly prevalent and often disabling disorder. This paper reviews the pharmacological treatment of SAD based on published placebo-controlled studies and published meta-analyses. It addresses three specific questions: What is the first-line pharmacological treatment of SAD? How long should treatment last? What should be the management of treatment-resistant cases? Based on their efficacy for SAD and common co-morbid disorders, tolerability and safety, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and venlafaxine should be considered the first-line treatment for most patients. Less information is available regarding the optimal length of treatment, although individuals who discontinue treatment after 12\u201320 wk appear more likely to relapse than those who continue on medication. Even less empirical evidence is available to support strategies for treatment-resistant cases. Clinical experience suggests that SSRI non-responders may benefit from augmentation with benzodiazepines or gabapentin or from switching to monoamine oxidase inhibitors, reversible inhibitors of monoamine oxidase A, benzodiazepines or gabapentin. Cognitive-behavioural is a well-established alternative first line therapy that may also be a helpful adjunct in non-responders to pharmacological treatment of SAD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1461145712000119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,22]],"date-time":"2012-03-22T17:39:08Z","timestamp":1332437948000},"page":"235-249","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":81,"title":["The evidence-based pharmacotherapy of social anxiety disorder"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Carlos","family":"Blanco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry of Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura B.","family":"Bragdon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry of Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franklin R.","family":"Schneier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry of Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael R.","family":"Liebowitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry of Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1999.tb10845.x","article-title":"Paroxetine in social anxiety disorder: a randomized placebo-controlled study","volume":"100","author":"Allgulander","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.602","article-title":"Efficacy of venlafaxine ER in patients with social anxiety disorder: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group comparison with paroxetine","volume":"9","author":"Allgulander","year":"2004","journal-title":"Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.142.2.174","article-title":"Social phobia: a comparative clinical study","volume":"142","author":"Amies","year":"1983","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref4","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-IV-TR","author":"APA","year":"2000"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.175.2.120","article-title":"Paroxetine in social phobia\/social anxiety disorder: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"175","author":"Baldwin","year":"1999","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881105059253","article-title":"Evidence-based guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders: recommendations from the British Association for Psychopharmacology","volume":"19","author":"Baldwin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1080\/15622970802465807","article-title":"World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of anxiety, obsessive-compulsive and post-traumatic stress disorders \u2013 first revision","volume":"9","author":"Bandelow","year":"2008","journal-title":"World Journal of Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1177\/026988110201600412","article-title":"Efficacy of olanzapine in social anxiety disorder: a pilot study","volume":"16","author":"Barnett","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CHI.0000037049.04952.9F","article-title":"Fluoxetine for the treatment of childhood anxiety disorders","volume":"42","author":"Birmaher","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3955(05)70069-9","article-title":"Pharmacologic treatment for children and adolescents with anxiety disorders","volume":"45","author":"Birmaher","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatric Clinics of North America"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199409000-00010","article-title":"Treatment of elective mutism with fluoxetine: A double-blind placebo-controlled study","volume":"33","author":"Black","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-199208000-00022","article-title":"Fluoxetine for the treatment of social phobia","volume":"12","author":"Black","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2010.11","article-title":"A placebo-controlled trial of phenelzine, cognitive behavioral group therapy, and their combination for social anxiety disorder","volume":"67","author":"Blanco","year":"2010","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.09m05663gry","article-title":"The epidemiology of chronic major depressive disorder and dysthymic disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions","volume":"71","author":"Blanco","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2008.05.002","article-title":"Generalizability of clinical trials for alcohol dependence to community samples","volume":"98","author":"Blanco","year":"2008","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145703003791","article-title":"The evidence-based pharmacological treatment of social anxiety disorder","volume":"6","author":"Blanco","year":"2003","journal-title":"International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1002\/da.10096","article-title":"Pharmacological treatment of social anxiety disorder: a meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Blanco","year":"2003","journal-title":"Depression and Anxiety"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.179.1.23","article-title":"Randomised controlled general practice trial of sertraline, exposure therapy and combined treatment in generalised social phobia","volume":"179","author":"Blomhoff","year":"2001","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.297.15.1683","article-title":"Clinical response and risk for reported suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in pediatric antidepressant treatment","volume":"297","author":"Bridge","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.148.5.598","article-title":"The assessment and treatment of performance anxiety in musicians","volume":"148","author":"Clark","year":"1991","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.71.6.1058","article-title":"Cognitive therapy versus fluoxetine in generalized social phobia: a randomized placebo-controlled trial","volume":"71","author":"Clark","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.61.10.1005","article-title":"Fluoxetine, comprehensive cognitive behavioral therapy, and placebo in generalized social phobia","volume":"61","author":"Davidson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-199312000-00008","article-title":"Treatment of social phobia with clonazepam and placebo","volume":"13","author":"Davidson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jcp.0000106222.36344.96","article-title":"Fluvoxamine-controlled release formulation for the treatment of generalized social anxiety disorder","volume":"24","author":"Davidson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199605000-00016","article-title":"Fluoxetine treatment of children with selective mutism: An open trial","volume":"35","author":"Dummit","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.1997.7.17","article-title":"Open fluoxetine treatment of mixed anxiety disorders in children and adolescents","volume":"7","author":"Fairbanks","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-200106000-00011","article-title":"Psychological and pharmacological treatments of social phobia: a meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Fedoroff","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1097\/YIC.0b013e32834519bd","article-title":"Efficacy of pregabalin in generalized social anxiety disorder: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, fixed-dose study","volume":"26","author":"Feltner","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Clinical Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref30","first-page":"245","article-title":"Measures of effect size for categorical data","volume-title":"The Handbook of Research Synthesis","author":"Fleiss","year":"1994"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.03.029","article-title":"Cerebral blood flow changes after treatment of social phobia with the neurokinin-1 antagonist GR205171, citalopram, or placebo","volume":"58","author":"Furmark","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1991.01810340070009","article-title":"Cognitive-behavioral and pharmacological treatments of social phobia: a controlled study","volume":"48","author":"Gelernter","year":"1991","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1898","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.163.11.1898","article-title":"The relationship between antidepressant prescription rates and rate of early adolescent suicide","volume":"163","author":"Gibbons","year":"2006","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.1999.9.109","article-title":"Phenelzine treatment of selective mutism in four prepubertal children","volume":"9","author":"Golwyn","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref35","first-page":"339","article-title":"Stochastically dependent effect sizes","volume-title":"The Handbook of Research Synthesis","author":"Glesser","year":"1994"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2850.1997.tb00123.x","article-title":"Cognitive-behavioral and pharmacological treatments of social phobia: a meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Gould","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199403000-00011","article-title":"Clonazepam in childhood anxiety disorders","volume":"33","author":"Graae","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Children & Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v66n1102","article-title":"The epidemiology of social anxiety disorder in the United States: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions","volume":"66","author":"Grant","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2007.11.011","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of D-cycloserine enhancement of exposure therapy for social anxiety disorder","volume":"63","author":"Guastella","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881106065102","article-title":"The efficacy of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in adult social anxiety disorder: a meta-analysis of double-blind, placebo-controlled trials","volume":"21","author":"Hedges","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref41","volume-title":"Statistical Methods for Meta-Analysis","author":"Hedges","year":"1985"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.55.12.1133","article-title":"Cognitive-behavioral group therapy vs phenelzine therapy for social phobia","volume":"55","author":"Heimberg","year":"1998","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.63.3.298","article-title":"Augmentation of exposure therapy with D-cycloserine for social anxiety disorder","volume":"63","author":"Hofmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.186.3.222","article-title":"Escitalopram in the treatment of social anxiety disorder: randomised, placebo-controlled, flexible-dosage study","volume":"186","author":"Kasper","year":"2005","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02900196","article-title":"Moclobemide in social phobia. A double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study","volume":"247","author":"Katschnig","year":"1997","journal-title":"European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.9.1368","article-title":"Sertraline for social phobia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled cross over study","volume":"152","author":"Katzelnick","year":"1995","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.6.593","article-title":"Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication","volume":"62","author":"Kessler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1994.03950010008002","article-title":"Lifetime and 12 month prevalence of DSM III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States","volume":"51","author":"Kessler","year":"1994","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-200206000-00005","article-title":"Fluoxetine in social phobia: a double-blind placebo controlled pilot study","volume":"22","author":"Kobak","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(18)30257-0","article-title":"The pharmacotherapy of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents","volume":"15","author":"Kutcher","year":"1992","journal-title":"Psychiatric Clinics of North America"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20014","article-title":"Efficacy and tolerability of escitalopram in 12- and 24-week treatment of social anxiety disorder: randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, fixed-dose study","volume":"19","author":"Lader","year":"2004","journal-title":"Depression and Anxiety"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v65n0213","article-title":"Controlled-release paroxetine in the treatment of patients with social anxiety disorder","volume":"65","author":"Lepola","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1159\/000414022","article-title":"Social Phobia","volume":"22","author":"Liebowitz","year":"1987","journal-title":"Modern Problems of Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v64n0708","article-title":"Efficacy of sertraline in severe generalized social anxiety disorder: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"64","author":"Liebowitz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.2.190","article-title":"Venlafaxine extended release vs placebo and paroxetine in social anxiety disorder","volume":"62","author":"Liebowitz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6394(1999)10:3<89::AID-DA1>3.0.CO;2-5","article-title":"Cognitive-behavioral group therapy versus phenelzine in social phobia: long-term outcome","volume":"10","author":"Liebowitz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Depression and Anxiety"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v66n0213","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of venlafaxine extended release in generalized social anxiety disorder","volume":"66","author":"Liebowitz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.49.4.290","article-title":"Phenelzine vs atenolol in social phobia: a placebo\u2013controlled comparison","volume":"49","author":"Liebowitz","year":"1992","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v63n0113","article-title":"A randomized, double-blind, fixed-dose comparison of paroxetine and placebo in the treatment of generalized social anxiety disorder","volume":"63","author":"Liebowitz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.116.533.377","article-title":"The classification of phobic disorders","volume":"116","author":"Marks","year":"1970","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v66n1009","article-title":"A 24-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of escitalopram for the prevention of generalized social anxiety disorder","volume":"66","author":"Montgomery","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jcp.0000186871.04984.8d","article-title":"Mirtazapine treatment of social phobia in women: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"25","author":"Muehlbacher","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref64","first-page":"35","article-title":"Clonazepam in the treatment of social phobia: a pilot study","volume":"51","author":"Munjack","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-199708000-00002","article-title":"Moclobemide in social phobia: a controlled dose-response","volume":"17","author":"Noyes","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref66","first-page":"299","article-title":"Double-blind controlled study with clonazepam and placebo in social anxiety disorder","volume":"31","author":"Ontiveros","year":"2008","journal-title":"Salud Mental"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.96.3.223","article-title":"Age of onset in different phobias","volume":"96","author":"\u00d6st","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-199908000-00010","article-title":"Treatment of social phobia with gabapentine: a placebo controlled study","volume":"19","author":"Pande","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref69","first-page":"334","article-title":"Pharmacological treatments: literature review","volume-title":"Social Phobia: Diagnosis, Assessment and Treatment","author":"Potts","year":"1995"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jcp.0000138764.31106.60","article-title":"A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of a flexible dose of venlafaxine ER in adult outpatients with generalized social anxiety disorder","volume":"24","author":"Rickels","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.12.2008","article-title":"Placebo-controlled trial of sertraline in the treatment of children with generalized anxiety disorder","volume":"158","author":"Rynn","year":"2001","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1002\/da.10112","article-title":"Citalopram treatment of social anxiety disorder and comorbid major depression","volume":"17","author":"Schneier","year":"2003","journal-title":"Depression and Anxiety"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-199202000-00018","article-title":"Fluoxetine in social phobia","volume":"12","author":"Schneier","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.172.1.70","article-title":"A placebo-controlled trial of moclobemide in social phobia","volume":"172","author":"Schneier","year":"1998","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1992.01820040034004","article-title":"Social phobia: comorbidity and morbidity in an epidemiological sample","volume":"49","author":"Schneier","year":"1992","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-199308000-00004","article-title":"Buspirone in social phobia","volume":"13","author":"Schneier","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1097\/YIC.0b013e32833a4d71","article-title":"Mirtazapine in generalized social anxiety disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"25","author":"Schutters","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref78","first-page":"244","article-title":"Double-blind, placebo-controlled assessment of combined clonazepam with paroxetine compared with paroxetine monotherapy for generalized social anxiety disorder","volume":"65","author":"Seedat","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199201000-00006","article-title":"Clinical, cognitive and neurophysiological effects of alprazolam in children and adolescents with overanxious and avoidant disorders","volume":"31","author":"Simeon","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Children & Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852900022148","article-title":"Citalopram for social anxiety disorder: an open-label pilot study in refractory and nonrefractory patients","volume":"7","author":"Simon","year":"2002","journal-title":"CNS Spectrums"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-199804000-00005","article-title":"Imipramine in the treatment of social phobia","volume":"18","author":"Simpson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1097\/00004850-200207000-00002","article-title":"Moclobemide is effective and well tolerated in the long-term pharmacotherapy of social anxiety disorder with or without comorbid anxiety disorder","volume":"17","author":"Stein","year":"2002","journal-title":"International Clinical Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v63n0211","article-title":"Predictors of response to pharmacotherapy in social anxiety disorder, an analysis of 3 placebo-controlled paroxetine trial","volume":"63","author":"Stein","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.59.12.1111","article-title":"Efficacy of paroxetine for relapse prevention in social anxiety disorder: a 24-week study","volume":"59","author":"Stein","year":"2002","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.5.756","article-title":"Fluvoxamine treatment of social phobia (social anxiety disorder): a double-blind placebo-controlled study","volume":"156","author":"Stein","year":"1999","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.280.8.708","article-title":"Paroxetine treatment of generalized social phobia (social anxiety disorder): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"280","author":"Stein","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-004-1957-9","article-title":"Efficacy of low and higher dose extended-release venlafaxine in generalized social anxiety disorder: a 6-month randomized controlled trial","volume":"177","author":"Stein","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.10.1725","article-title":"Pindolol potentiation of paroxitine for generalized social phobia. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study","volume":"158","author":"Stein","year":"2001","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-199006000-00024","article-title":"Fluoxetine treatment of social phobia","volume":"10","author":"Sternbach","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.62.2.350","article-title":"Social phobia: a comparison of behavior therapy and atenolol","volume":"62","author":"Turner","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2215","DOI":"10.1517\/13543784.9.10.2215","article-title":"Drugs in development for social anxiety disorder: more to social anxiety than meets SSRI","volume":"9","author":"van Ameringen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v68n0215","article-title":"Nefazodone in the treatment of generalized social phobia: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"68","author":"van Ameringen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref93","first-page":"27","article-title":"Fluoxetine efficacy in social phobia","volume":"54","author":"van Ameringen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.2.275","article-title":"Sertraline treatment of generalized social phobia: a 20-week double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"158","author":"van Ameringen","year":"2001","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0327(96)00030-4","article-title":"Buspirone augmentation of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in social phobia","volume":"39","author":"van Ameringen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S15","DOI":"10.1097\/00004850-200008002-00004","article-title":"The efficacy of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for social anxiety disorder: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"15","author":"van der Linden","year":"2000","journal-title":"International Clinical Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v58n0405","article-title":"Clinical effects of buspirone in social phobia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"58","author":"van Vliet","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02244762","article-title":"Psychopharmacological treatment of social phobia: a double blind controlled study with fluvoxamine","volume":"115","author":"van Vliet","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02244898","article-title":"MAO inhibitors in panic disorder: clinical effects of treatment with brofaromine: A double blind placebo controlled study","volume":"112","author":"van Vliet","year":"1993","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1097\/00004850-199709000-00001","article-title":"Social phobia: long-term treatment outcome and prediction of response \u2013 a moclobemide study","volume":"12","author":"Versiani","year":"1997","journal-title":"International Clinical Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref102","first-page":"167","article-title":"Double-blind placebo controlled trials with bromazepam","volume":"46","author":"Versiani","year":"1997","journal-title":"Jornal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.161.3.353","article-title":"Pharmacotherapy of social phobia: a controlled study with moclobemide and phenelzine","volume":"161","author":"Versiani","year":"1992","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref104","first-page":"167","article-title":"Paroxetine treatment of mood and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents","volume":"37","author":"Wagner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology Bulletin"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-200012000-00009","article-title":"Prevention of relapse in generalized social phobia: results of a 24-week study in responders to 20 weeks of sertraline treatment","volume":"20","author":"Walker","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jcp.0000104906.75206.8b","article-title":"A double-blind placebo-controlled study of controlled release fluvoxamine for the treatment of generalized social anxiety disorder","volume":"24","author":"Westenberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1097\/00008480-200310000-00007","article-title":"Pharmacologic management of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents","volume":"15","author":"Williams","year":"2003","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Pediatrics"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412984980","volume-title":"Meta-Analysis: Quantitative Methods for Research Synthesis","author":"Wolff","year":"1986"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881105056526","article-title":"Levetiracetam in social phobia: a placebo controlled pilot study","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"2019101113404214000_ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1983.01790020019002","article-title":"Treatment of phobias: a comparison of imipramine hydrochloride and placebo","volume":"40","author":"Zitrin","year":"1983","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ijnp\/article-pdf\/16\/1\/235\/30134661\/16-1-235.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ijnp\/article-pdf\/16\/1\/235\/30134661\/16-1-235.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,21]],"date-time":"2023-06-21T06:14:39Z","timestamp":1687328079000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ijnp\/article\/16\/1\/235\/629354"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,1]]},"references-count":107,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1461145712000119","relation":{},"ISSN":["1469-5111","1461-1457"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1469-5111","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1461-1457","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2013,2]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,1]]}}}