{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T15:10:20Z","timestamp":1781277020224,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,7]],"date-time":"2014-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1407369600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Prim Health Care Res Dev"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]},"abstract":"\n Aim<\/jats:title>\n This study aimed to determine factors associated with\n negative\/positive home-based caregiving appraisals by informal carers of\n older people in Japan to consider which family carers\u2019 community health\n nurses should focus on.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Because of the increasing older population in Japan, those needing a\n high level of care have become more dependent on informal carers.\n Carers\u2019 health is an important aspect of caregiving. Community health\n nurses play an important role in assessing carers\u2019 health, and carer\n appraisals, that is, how carers perceive their caregiving work, may help\n them better understand the health state of carers.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n This quantitative study examined 192 primary carers of the elderly\n (care level >3) who used home-visiting nursing services in both rural\n and urban Japanese communities. The Japanese version of the Zarit scale\n (22 items) was used for negative appraisal and a positive caregiving\n appraisal scale (14 items) for positive appraisal. Participants with\n above-median scores (care burden, 30.0; positive caregiving appraisal,\n 39.0) were categorized as having a high care burden and high positive\n appraisal. To determine factors associated with appraisals, multinomial\n regression analysis was performed. Negative\/positive appraisals were\n separately set as a dependent variable, and 17 items relating to carer\n characteristics, care-recipient characteristics, and external variables\n were set as independent variables. This was followed by stepwise\n regression and backward elimination.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Findings<\/jats:title>\n \n With respect to care burden, positively associated factors were\n sekentei<\/jats:italic>\n or social pressure [odds ratio\n (OR) 4.25, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.39\u201313.04], caregiving\n obligation (OR 3.11, 95% CI 1.43\u20136.77), spouse carer (OR 2.58, 95% CI\n 1.05\u20136.35), daughter-in-law carer (OR 3.68, 95% CI 1.31\u201310.34), and\n depression (OR 50.58, 95% CI 13.85\u2013184.67). With respect to positive\n appraisal, negatively associated factors were caregiving obligation (OR\n 0.29, 95% CI 0.15\u20130.53), male carer (OR 0.44, 95% CI 0.21\u20130.92), and\n daughter-in-law carer (OR 0.29, 95% CI 0.12\u20130.74).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1463423614000309","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,7]],"date-time":"2014-08-07T03:14:48Z","timestamp":1407381288000},"page":"167-178","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Negative\/positive home-based caregiving appraisals by informal carers of\n the elderly in Japan"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Junko","family":"Imaiso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Shizuoka"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1463423614000309_manual_ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781452204871"},{"key":"S1463423614000309_manual_ref-20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1080\/07370016.2012.645733","article-title":"Differences in home-based family caregiving appraisal for caregivers of the elderly in rural and urban Japanese communities","volume":"29","author":"Imaiso","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Community Health Nursing"},{"key":"S1463423614000309_manual_ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1547-5069.2003.00027.x","article-title":"Concepts in caregiver research","volume":"35","author":"Hunt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Nursing Scholarship"},{"key":"S1463423614000309_manual_ref-26","first-page":"180","article-title":"Kazoku kaigosha no kaigo ni taisuru kouteiteki sokumen to keizoku ikou ni kansuru kentou (Positive perceptions encouraging continued caregiving at home among family caregivers)","volume":"48","author":"Saito","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nippon Koshu Eisei Zasshi (Japanese Journal of Public Health)"},{"key":"S1463423614000309_manual_ref-25","volume-title":"Measuring health: a guide to rating scales and questionnaires","author":"McDowell","year":"1996"},{"key":"S1463423614000309_manual_ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1017\/S071498080000619X","article-title":"Positive aspects in caregiving: an overlooked variable in research","volume":"13","author":"Cohen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Canadian Journal on Aging"},{"key":"S1463423614000309_manual_ref-28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/32.5.656"},{"key":"S1463423614000309_manual_ref-16","first-page":"42, 181, 238","article-title":"Kokumin eisei no doko (Tendency about people\u2019s 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Psychology)"},{"key":"S1463423614000309_manual_ref-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07370010903466148"},{"key":"S1463423614000309_manual_ref-10","first-page":"28","volume-title":"Kourei shakai hakusho (White paper about aged society)","year":"2011"},{"key":"S1463423614000309_manual_ref-18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1080\/07370010902805106","article-title":"Collaboration between nurses and professional caregivers to provide medical care in Japan","volume":"26","author":"Imaiso","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Community Health Nursing"},{"key":"S1463423614000309_manual_ref-13","first-page":"282","article-title":"Subjective burden and cultural motives for caregiving in informal caregivers of older people","volume":"43","author":"del-Pino-Casado","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Nursing Scholarship"},{"key":"S1463423614000309_manual_ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327655JCHN1604_4"},{"key":"S1463423614000309_manual_ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-11-207","article-title":"Home care in Europe: a systematic literature review","volume":"11","author":"Genet","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Health Services Research"},{"key":"S1463423614000309_manual_ref-22","first-page":"771","article-title":"Houmon kango wo riyou suru you kaigo koureisha ni okeru kazoku no kaigo futankan no chiikisa (A regional difference in care burden feelings of family caregivers with frail elderly using visiting nurse)","volume":"18","author":"Kurasawa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rounen Seishin Igaku Zasshi (Japanese Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry)"},{"key":"S1463423614000309_manual_ref-31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/20.6.649","article-title":"Relatives of the impaired elderly: 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Development"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1463423614000309","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T09:46:21Z","timestamp":1780652781000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1463423614000309\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,7]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S1463423614000309"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1463423614000309","relation":{},"ISSN":["1463-4236","1477-1128"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1463-4236","type":"print"},{"value":"1477-1128","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 Cambridge 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